PubMed · 4888412
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P Weselucha. 1969. [Madness or method? Post- concentration-camp reflections].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4888412/
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Cox's proportional hazards model can be extended to accommodate time-dependent effects of prognostic factors. We briefly review these extensions along with their varying degrees of freedom. Spending more degrees of freedom with conventional procedures (a priori defined interactions with simple functions of time, restricted natural splines, piecewise estimation for partitions of the time axis) allows the fitting of almost any shape of time dependence but at an increased risk of over-fit. This results in increased width of confidence intervals of time-dependent hazard ratios and in reduced power to confirm any time-dependent effect or even any effect of a prognostic factor. By means of comparative empirical studies the consequences of over-fitting time-dependent effects have been explored. We conclude that fractional polynomials, and similarly penalized likelihood approaches, today are the methods of choice, avoiding over-fit by parsimonious use of degrees of freedom but also permitting flexible modelling if time dependence of a usually a priori unknown shape is present in a data set. The paradigm of a parsimonious analysis of time-dependent effects is exemplified by means of a gastric cancer study.
Decorations on the bodies of newborns indicate that they were probably important in their community. Several adult graves from the Stone Age (Upper Palaeolithic period) have been found but child burials seem to be rare, which has prompted discussion about whether this apparently different treatment of infants could be significant. Here we describe two recently discovered infant burials from this period at Krems-Wachtberg in Lower Austria, in which the bodies were covered with red ochre and decorated with ornaments and were therefore probably ritually buried. These findings indicate that even newborns were considered to be full members of these hunter-gatherer communities about 27,000 years ago.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the subjective estimation of noise-induced discomfort and its correlation to psychoacoustic and physiological parameters under laboratory conditions. To establish an effective description of sound qualities of road traffic noise, supplementing the current standards and calculation specifications. METHODS: Pass-by vehicle noise samples were binaurally recorded with a dummy head measurement system, and synthetically composed to six vehicle ensembles considering different road beds, varying speed profiles and noise barriers. Fifty-one persons were selected and tested under laboratory conditions. Study participants were exposed to defined acoustic stimuli, alternating with neutral phases lacking acoustic content in a listening room. Concomitant recording of electrocardiogram (ECG) and respiratory rate was performed. Subjective estimation of noise-induced discomfort of assigned vehicle ensembles was rated on a personal ranking scale (PRS) by the study subjects. Subjective ratings were combined with objective psychoacoustic parameters by multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Heart rate was increased during all noise exposure phases compared to neutral phases; the increase of heart rate differed among vehicle ensembles and was statistically significant in two cases (p<0.01). Respiratory rate remained unaffected. Personal rankings also differed among vehicle ensembles and correlated well with objective psychoacoustic parameters (p<0.0001); e.g., loudness combined with roughness describes the correlation with subjective estimation of noise-induced discomfort better than the A-weighted sound level. Vehicle ensembles rated more unpleasant caused higher increases in heart rate as well (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The sound quality of road traffic noise as it is described by various psychoacoustic parameters not only determines the subjective estimation of noise-induced discomfort but in addition affects physiological parameters like heart rate. This should be considered for future perspectives in road- and traffic planning and therefore may serve construction engineers as well as traffic planner as a supplemental tool.