PubMed · 4490152
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1973. [They always help ...].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4490152/
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UNLABELLED: To review the evidence concerning the association between (different forms of) day-care and otitis media in children aged 0-4 years, we performed a meta-analysis of studies identified by a systematic search with Medline from 1966 to July 1997 and by the reference lists. Seventeen articles were classified as useful because these articles studied children of 0-4 years of age and because odds ratios as well as confidence intervals were presented or could be calculated. All these studies found a association between attending a day-care centre and otitis media. The association between otitis media and family care was less clear. Differences in study design, age of the subjects, and controlled variables did not explain the association. CONCLUSION: Day-care is a risk factor for developing otitis media: the number of children seems to be important for this effect, probably due to increased exposure to otitis media pathogens.
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OBJECTIVE: To describe both the direct and the indirect costs of illness in a closely followed cohort of toddlers attending day care centers (DCCs) in Québec, Canada. METHODS: Fifty-two DCCs participated in the study. Parents were invited to fill in a calendar on which they would indicate the occurrence of colds, diarrhea, and vomiting, in addition to any actions taken with respect to this occurrence. The participating parents were called biweekly to report the information. The costs reported in this article are based on a period of 6 months of follow-up. The direct costs included medication and visits to a physician whereas indirect costs included alternative care provided by a family member, a babysitter, or an employed parent who missed work. RESULTS: Two hundred seventy-three toddlers were followed from 35 to 182 days during the study period. During a 6-month period, the adjusted average costs per child for medication and consultation were $47.47 (standard deviation [SD] = 52.76) and $49.10 (SD = 51.34), respectively, whereas they amount to $11.51 (SD = 51.19) for care by a babysitter, $35.68 (SD = 94.74) for care by a family member, and $117.12 (SD = 210.29) for a parent missing work (when using opportunity cost). The overall adjusted average total costs per child incurred to the parents and society was $260.70 (SD = 301.25). CONCLUSIONS: The originality of this study was to comprehensively include all costs associated with the care of an ill child attending DCCs. Future research should aim at finding economical ways to decrease illness frequency in toddlers attending day care centers and subsequently the costs they incur.