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PubMed · 42342079

Water intake, switching between bites and sips, and drinking behavior are associated with food intake across meals varying in spiciness: A secondary analysis of two randomized crossover studies.

Paige M Cunningham·John E Hayes
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Abstract

Widespread nutrition advice instructs consumers to drink water with meals to increase fullness and reduce energy intake. However, recent data indicates greater water intake is associated with more food intake at a meal, not less. Switching between meal components (e.g., alternating between food and water), has also been associated with increased food intake at a pasta meal, but it remains unclear whether this applies to other foods. In a secondary analysis, we pooled existing data from 2 crossover experiments (total n&#xa0;=&#xa0;86) where adults ate an ad libitum lunch consisting of 650&#xa0;g of beef chili (n&#xa0;=&#xa0;52) or chicken tikka masala (n&#xa0;=&#xa0;34) with 450&#xa0;g of water twice in the laboratory while being video-recorded. For both experiments, the spiciness of the lunch was varied by adding different ratios of hot:sweet paprika. Videos were coded to measure sip number, sip size (g/sip), drinking rate (g/min), and number of switches between bites of food and sips of water. As we previously reported, increasing spiciness slowed eating rate and reduced food intake; in secondary analyses described here, the reduction in food intake was not moderated by water intake, switching, or drinking behaviors (all p&#xa0;>&#xa0;0.73). Notably, across all meals, greater water intake (p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001) and switching (p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.02) associated with greater food intake. Overall, individuals ate more when they drank more and switched between bites and sips more often, highlighting the potential influence of water and drinking behaviors on food consumption. This finding challenges the widespread dietary advice to drink water with meals to reduce food intake.

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HumansFemaleDrinkingMaleCross-Over StudiesMealsEnergy IntakeEatingAdultFeeding BehaviorYoung AdultDrinking BehaviorAnimalsLunchAdolescentDrinking behaviorEating behaviorEnergy intakeFood intakeWater intakeJournal ArticleRandomized Controlled Trial

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Paige M Cunningham, John E Hayes. 2026-06-24. Water intake, switching between bites and sips, and drinking behavior are associated with food intake across meals varying in spiciness: A secondary analysis of two randomized crossover studies.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2026.108698

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Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial resourceAdolescent subjectAdult subjectAnimals subjectCross-Over Studies subjectEating subjectFeeding Behavior subjectFemale subjectHumans subjectJournal Article subjectMale subjectRandomized controlled trials study

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