PubMed · 4227555
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H I Weitbrecht. 1967. [Chronic depression].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4227555/
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The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) [Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A. & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.] and Anxiety Inventory (BAI) [Beck, A. T. & Steer, R. A. (1993a). Manual for the Beck Anxiety Inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.] were administered to 840 outpatients who were diagnosed with various types of psychiatric disorders to determine whether the general symptom compositions and relative amounts of variance of the common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression for these instruments would be comparable to those that had been found by Steer et al. [Steer, R. A., Clark, D. A., Beck, A. T. & Ranieri, W. F. (1995). Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: A replication. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 542-545.] with the BAI and amended Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-IA) [Beck, A. T. & Steer, R. A. (1993b). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.]. A Schmid-Leiman transformation was used with the iterated-principal-factor pattern matrix of the BAI and the BDI-II loadings and indicated that the overall symptom compositions and relative amounts of variance that were explained by the one common and two specific anxiety and depression dimensions were comparable to those previously found with the BDI-IA.
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We applied a computationally practical form of probit analysis for multiple response variables to data on early childhood development of four psychiatric disorders: disruptive disorders (DD-attention deficit disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder); adjustment disorders (ADJ); emotional disorders (ED-all anxiety disorders, depression); and other DSM-III-R Axis I disorders (OTHER). In addition to estimating the intercept slope and higher order polynomial terms for each age versus diagnosis regression, we estimated simultaneously the correlation among the four diagnostic categories. We then took into account the correlation found among these four diagnostic categories when testing the hypothesis of no age effect, which would have been ignored in a piecemeal univariate approach. Regression lines for diagnostic prevalence indicate a linear increase for OTHER disorders, and a curvilinear increase for ED. We then used expected frequencies of individual response patterns (that is, the 2(4) = 16 possible diagnostic combinations) in obtaining more precise estimates of diagnostic comorbidity and its relation to age. We further generalize the Bock and Gibbons model to alternative specification of the random-effects distribution (that is, they assumed multivariate normality), illustrate how one can estimate the random-effects distribution empirically, and study the robustness of parameter estimates to specification of the random-effects distribution.