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The global prevalence of horizontal strabismus: A systematic review and meta-analysis with a focus on ethnic variation.

Christopher S von Bartheld·Molly M Hagen·Jiayi Jiang·Wei Yang·Andrea B Agarwal
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Abstract

The prevalence of the 2 types of horizontal strabismus, esotropia and exotropia, varies considerably between studies. This variability has been attributed to factors such as geography/environment, research methodology, age of study subjects, and/or ethnicity. Comprehensive estimates of regional and global prevalences of esotropia and exotropia are lacking, making it difficult to recognize true patterns, trends, and etiologies. We compile prevalences and ratios of esotropia to exotropia from 315 population-based studies and 374 clinic-based studies. We analyze data to assess effects of ethnicity, geography, age, and we identify generational changes of horizontal strabismus. Major ethnicities differ in patterns and ratios of esotropia and exotropia prevalence, not only in Caucasians and East Asians, but also Latinos/Hispanics, South Asians, Africans, and Native Americans. Compared to population-based studies, clinic-based studies underestimate exotropia frequency. By weighing prevalences according to the population size of ethnicities, we estimate the worldwide prevalence of horizontal strabismus in the current generation at 1.81% (138.5 million people), comprising 60.0 million people with esotropia (0.67%) and 87.5 million with exotropia (1.14%). In the previous generation, the worldwide prevalence of horizontal strabismus was 1.64% (86.5 million people), comprising 50.5 million with esotropia (0.96%) and 36.0 million with exotropia (0.68%). Esotropia and exotropia prevalences differ between generations within the same ethnicity, indicating that extrinsic factors can modify the underlying intrinsic (genetic) disposition.

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HumansPrevalenceEthnicityEsotropiaExotropiaGlobal HealthBiasGeographic distributionHistoryStrabismusJournal ArticleSystematic ReviewMeta-AnalysisReview

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Christopher S von Bartheld, Molly M Hagen, Jiayi Jiang, Wei Yang, Andrea B Agarwal. 2026-05-07. The global prevalence of horizontal strabismus: A systematic review and meta-analysis with a focus on ethnic variation.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2026.05.002

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Ethnicity subjectGlobal Health subjectHumans subjectJournal Article subjectJournal Article; Systematic Review; Meta-Analysis; Review resourceMeta-Analysis subjectPrevalence subjectSystematic reviews study

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