PubMed · 334040
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G S Kobayashi, G Medoff. 1977. Antifungal agents: recent developments.. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.31.100177.001451
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Clinical isolates of Candida auris show a high prevalence of resistance to Amphotericin B (AmB)-an uncommon trait in most Candida species. Alterations in ergosterol biosynthesis can contribute to acquired AmB resistance in C. auris laboratory strains but are rarely seen in clinical isolates. In this study, we experimentally evolved two drug-susceptible Clade II isolates of C. auris to develop AmB resistance. The evolved strains displayed a four to eight fold increase in MIC50 compared to the parental cells. We analyzed changes in their karyotype, genome, lipidome, and transcriptome associated with this acquired resistance. In one lineage, AOX2 was upregulated, and its deletion reversed the AmB resistance phenotype. The aox2Δ mutant also failed to evolve AmB resistance under experimental conditions. In the same lineage, restoring the UPC2 S332R and RTG3 S101T mutations to the wild-type allele restored AmB susceptibility. In another lineage, the ergosterol and sphingolipid pathways were observed to play a critical role, and upregulation of the ERG genes elevated the total sterol content, while significant downregulation of HSX11 (glucosylceramide synthase) resulted in lower levels of glucosylceramides. To our knowledge, this study is the first to show that AmB resistance in C. auris can be acquired through mechanisms both dependent on or independent of sterol content modulation, highlighting Aox2 and Upc2 as key regulators of amphotericin resistance.
Hamycin activity (in vitro) against Malassezia ovale was studied and compared with old and newly discovered polyene antifungal antibiotics. Hamycin showed a marked anti-M. ovale activity which was enhanced in the presence of divalent cations like Cu++ and Zn++. Furthermore, the absorption of hamycin onto the cell membrane or cell surface of M. ovale was also increased in the presence of divalent cations. It is suggested that hamycin alone or along with metal ions, specifically Cu++ may be useful clinically in the treatment of dandruff or seborrheic dermatitis.