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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Ambrosia fungi in the insect-fungi symbiosis in relation to cork oak decline.

Ambrosia fungi live associated with beetles (Scolytidae and Platypodidae) in host trees and act as a food source for the insects. The symbiotic relation is important to the colonizing strategies of host trees by beetles. Ambrosia fungi are dimorphic: they grow as ambrosial form and as mycelium. The fungi are highly specialized, adapted to a specific beetle and to the biotope where they both live. In addition other fungi have been found such as tree pathogenic fungi that may play a role in insects host colonization success. Saprophytic fungi are also present in insects galleries. These may decompose cellulose and/or be antagonistic to other less beneficial fungi. This paper summarizes the importance of ambrosia fungi and the interaction with insects and hosts. The possibility of the transport of pathogenic fungi by Platypus cylindrus to cork oak thus contributing for its decline is discussed.

Animal Structures↗
PubMed2006

[Testing of seed-borne fungi of Glycyrrihiza seed and disinfection effect of several fungicides on seed-borne fungi].

OBJECTIVE: To study the dominant seed-borne fungi of Glycyrrihiza seeds which were from different producing area and compare the disinfection effect of several fungicides on seed-borne fungi of Glycyrrihiza seed. METHOD: Petri-dish testing was used to determine the external and internal seed-borne fungi and the disinfection effect of fungicides. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The result showed that the amount of spore on the surface of one Glycyrrihiza seed varied from 0.3% to 37.0% among samples. Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. were the two major dominant fungi and there was few differences in the type of the fungi among producing areas but differences in the isolation frequency of the furgi; Penicillium spp. , Rhizopus spp. , Aspergillus spp. and Alternaria spp. were the internally dominant seed-borne fungi, including seed capsule and the internal tissue of seed and their fungi-carrying percentage was 8.0%-48.3% and 3.5%-42.0% respectively. There were differences in fungi percentage and dominant seed borne fungi among different producing areas. The disinfection effect of both mancozeb and thriam was up to 89.0%, so it is suggested to use them to disinfect Glycyrrihiza seed.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed1996

[Health risks in connection with fungi: a contribution to the assessment of fungi in the risk potential of safety provisions].

Fungi have been used for a long time in industrial production. Recent developments in biotechnology have lead to an increased awareness of possible health hazards connected with the use of microorganisms in industries. In order to avoid potential risks by appropriate protective measures it is necessary to assess the microorganisms, including fungi, with respect to their species-related risk potential. For this purpose, fungi were classified into three risk groups of which group I contains non-hazardous fungi and group III fungi with high risk. Most difficulties arise when it is to be decided if a fungus belongs to group I or group II which includes most pathogenic fungi. The present study was designed to provide data which facilitate the assessment of potentially hazardous fungi. It is based on the evaluation of the pertinent mycological literature as represented in the Review of Medical and Veterinary Mycology in the years from 1980 till 1989.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2006

Communities of P-solubilizing bacteria, fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in grass pasture and secondary forest of Paraty, RJ--Brazil.

Communities of P-solubilizing bacteria, fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, were evaluated in two different ecosystems. Samplings taken from two areas of Atlantic forest, in Paraty-RJ, Brazil, one with a secondary forest and the other with a grass pasture were studied. Four growth media: GL (glucose and yeast extract), GES (glucose, soil extract, KNO3, CaCl2, MgSO4, NaCl, FeEDTA and micronutrients solution), GAGES (glucose, soil extract, arabinose, glycerol, CaCl2, MgSO4 and NaCl) and GELP (glucose, soil extract, yeast extract, peptone, CaCl2, MgSO4 and NaCl) were evaluated for the isolation of P-solubilizing microorganisms. The identification of P-solubilizing bacteria was based on 16 S rDNA sequence analysis, while the identification of P-solubilizing fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was based on morphology. The greatest number of P-solubilizing bacteria was isolated using GL and GELP growth media. The greatest number of P-solubilizing fungi was isolated using GAGES and GES. The bacteria were identified as Enterobacteriaceae and Bacillus sp., while the P-solubilizing fungi were identified as Aspergillus sp. Glomus macrocarpum and Glomus etunicatum were the dominant mycorrhizal fungi in the secondary forest and grass pasture area, respectively.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed1980

Thermophillic and thermotolerant fungi isolated from the thermal effluent of nuclear power generating reactors: dispersal of human opportunistic and veterinary pathogenic fungi.

Over a period of a year, samples of water, foam, microbial mat, soil and air were obtained from areas associated with the cooling canal of a nuclear power station. The seventeen sample sites included water in the cooling canal that was thermally enriched and soil and water adjacent to, upstream, downstream and at a distance from the generator. Air samples were taken at the plant and at various distances from the plant. Fifty-two species of thermotolerant and thermophilic fungi were isolated. Of these, eleven species are grouped as opportunistic Mucorales or opportunistic Aspergillus sp. One veterinary pathogen was also isolated (Dactylaria gallopava). The opportunistic/pathogenic fungi were found primarily in the intake bay, the discharge bay and the cooling canal. Smaller numbers were obtained at both upstream and downstream locations. Soil samples near the cooling canal reflected an enrichment of thermophilous organisms, the previously mentioned opportunistic Mucorales and Aspergillus spp. Their numbers were found to be greater than that usually encountered in a mesophilic environment. However, air and soil samples taken at various distances from the power station indicated no greater abundance of these thermophilous fungi than would be expected from a thermal enriched environment. Our results indicate that there was no significant dissemination of thermophilous fungi from the thermal enriched effluents to the adjacent environment. These findings are consistent with the results of other investigators.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1999

Natural (13)C abundance reveals trophic status of fungi and host-origin of carbon in mycorrhizal fungi in mixed forests.

Fungi play crucial roles in the biogeochemistry of terrestrial ecosystems, most notably as saprophytes decomposing organic matter and as mycorrhizal fungi enhancing plant nutrient uptake. However, a recurrent problem in fungal ecology is to establish the trophic status of species in the field. Our interpretations and conclusions are too often based on extrapolations from laboratory microcosm experiments or on anecdotal field evidence. Here, we used natural variations in stable carbon isotope ratios (delta(13)C) as an approach to distinguish between fungal decomposers and symbiotic mycorrhizal fungal species in the rich sporocarp flora (our sample contains 135 species) of temperate forests. We also demonstrated that host-specific mycorrhizal fungi that receive C from overstorey or understorey tree species differ in their delta(13)C. The many promiscuous mycorrhizal fungi, associated with and connecting several tree hosts, were calculated to receive 57-100% of their C from overstorey trees. Thus, overstorey trees also support, partly or wholly, the nutrient-absorbing mycelia of their alleged competitors, the understorey trees.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed1971

Fungi isolated from flue-cured tobacco inoculated in the field with storage fungi.

Flue-cured tobacco inoculated in the field with A. amstelodami, A. flavus, A. ochraceus, A. repens, A. ruber, and a species of Penicillium was rarely invaded by these fungi. Regardless of inoculum, the predominant fungi reisolated from green tissue were species of Alternaria and Cladosporium. After curing, A. repens, A. niger, and species of Alternaria and a species of Penicillium were the most commonly isolated fungi. The fungus used as inoculum was not the predominant fungus reisolated from green or cured tissue. Conditions during handling and storage prior to marketing probably determine when storage fungi become associated with the leaf and which species becomes predominant.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed2003

[A simple method to identify pathogenic fungi in Sabouraud's glucose agar slant culture using fungi-tape and MycoPerm-Blue].

Pathogenic fungi can be identified by growth in special culture medium, colony appearance based on microscopic examination of conidia and hyphae, and by molecular biological techniques. However, these methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive. We describe a simple method for identification of pathogenic fungi from Sabouraud's glucose agar slant culture, using Fungi-Tape and MycoPerm-Blue. It is rapid and easy, and permits visualization of fungal morphology. Using the Fungi-Tape and MycoPerm-Blue technique, we correctly identified 47 of 66 samples, for a 73.4% concordance with conventional identification methods. It is also noteworthy that slides prepared using this method can be stored for long periods without deterioration.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1993

Fungi in space--literature survey on fungi used for space research.

A complete review of the scientific literature on experiments involving fungi in space is presented. This review begins with balloon experiments around 1935 which carried fungal spores, rocket experiments in the 1950's and 60's, satellite and moon expeditions, long-time orbit experiments and Spacelab missions in the 1980's and 90's. All these missions were aimed at examining the influence of cosmic radiation and weightlessness on genetic, physiological, and morphogenetic processes. During the 2nd German Spacelab mission (D-2, April/May 1993), the experiment FUNGI provided the facilities to cultivate higher basidiomycetes over a period of 10 d in orbit, document gravimorphogenesis and chemically fix fruiting bodies under weightlessness for subsequent ultrastructural analysis. This review shows the necessity of space travel for research on the graviperception of higher fungi and demonstrates the novelty of the experiment FUNGI performed within the framework of the D-2 mission.

Cosmic Radiation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Neurological syndromes associated with the ingestion of plants and fungi with a toxic component (II). Hallucinogenic fungi and plants, mycotoxins and medicinal herbs].

INTRODUCTION: A wide range of fungi and medicinal herbs, rich in hallucinogenic substances and widely used for mystic and medicinal purposes, can give rise to neurotoxic symptoms. DEVELOPMENT: We review the toxic syndromes that can arise from the ingestion of hallucinogenic fungi, cacti and plants, together with descriptions of cases of acute poisoning resulting from the use of medicinal herbs and from foodstuffs that are contaminated by mycotoxins. A series of different psychedelic fungi belonging to the Psilocybe, Panaeolus and Stropharia genera contain hallucinogenic alkaloids such as psilocybin. Some of the most notable plants displaying hallucinogenic and sedative properties are Papaver somniferum, Erytroxylum sp. and Cannabis sativa. Infusions of ayahuasca are obtained from the lianas and roots of different plants with psychoactive properties, such as Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis, which contain alkaloids derived from tryptamine and from the beta carboline harmala. Peyote, a cactus rich in mescaline, and Claviceps purpurea (a fungus rich in LSD) are strong hallucinogens. We also examine ergotism and mycotoxicosis from Arthrinium sp. Poisoning from mycotoxin containing moulds on sugar cane can give rise to encephalopathy and late dystonia. Some of the more noteworthy medicinal plants for which neurological toxicity has been reported are Hypericum perforatum, kava kava (Piper methysticum), Aconitum sp. and Callilepis laureola. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the increasingly more widespread consumption of herbs and fungi and their potentially neurotoxic effects, in clinical practice there is a need to be aware of the neurological syndromes deriving from their use.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A nutrient medium for culturing fungi based on a flores chamomillae infusion. I. The nutrient capacity and capacities for selecting and recovering fungi from clinical samples of a medium with a flores chamomillae infusion].

The study suggests a new culture medium, of the Sabouraud type. The medium was tested for its nutritive and recovery properties of the fungi in clinical samples, in parallel to the classical medium Sabouraud with chloramphenicol (Sab. + C). The results obtained showed the following: the I.F.C. + C medium ensures optimum cultivation conditions of some fungi species, potentially pathogenic for man, has a high selectivity and the ability of making evident the fungi in different clinical samples at very near-related parameters practically identical with the parameters of the classical Sabouraud medium. These qualities, completed by the economical advantages and the availability of the raw material necessary for the preparation of the basic vegetal extract, recommend the use of the I.F.C. + C medium as a nutrient medium for isolation and cultivation of fungi.

Bacteria, Aerobic↗
PubMed1996

Further studies on Egyptian soil fungi: succession of sugar and osmophilic fungi in soil amended with five organic substrates.

The sugar and osmophilic fungal composition of soils amended with five organic substrates (newspaper, orange peel, bromegrass leaves, wheat straw and wood sawdust) was estimated after 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks using the dilution plate method on glucose and 50% sucrose Czapek's agar media. Wheat straw was the best substrate for total counts of both sugar and osmophilic fungi followed by newspaper, bromegrass leaves, wood sawdust and orange peel. Wood sawdust supported the highest average counts of total sugar fungi, Fusarium, Mucor, Scopulariopsis, Trichoderma and Trimmatostroma spp.; Newspaper, of Aspergillus (8 spp.), Penicillium (4 spp.) and Chaetomium sp.; bromegrass leaves of Cladosporium sp., Humicola sp. and Sporotrichum sp.; orange peel, of Alternaria sp., Circinella sp. and Stachybotrys sp.; and wheat straw, of Botryotrichum sp. and Myrothecium sp. Bromegrass leaves and orange peel supported the highest average counts of total osmophilic fungi, Aspergillus (10 spp.), Cladosporium sp. Paecillomyces sp. and Rhizopus sp.; and of Stemphylium sp., Trichoderma sp., Humicola sp. and Circinella sp. respectively; wheat straw, of Epicoccum sp., Scopulariopsis sp. and Trichothecium sp.; newspaper, of Penicillium (4 spp.) and Alternaria sp.; and wood sawdust of Curvularia sp. and Fusarium (3 spp.). The best colonizers throughout the experimental periods were Aspergilus and Penicillium spp.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed1985

Cultivation of fungi in synthetic and semi-synthetic liquid medium. I. Growth characteristics of the fungi and biochemical properties of the isolated antigenic material.

Four allergologically important fungi, viz. Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria Penicillium notatum, and Cladosporium herbarum, were cultured in a pure synthetic medium and the patterns of growth as characterized by the pH, protein and carbohydrate concentration of the culture fluid, were studied. A fumigatus and P. notatum showed a similar growth pattern, characterized by a rapid decrease in the pH of the culture medium (pH 7.4----4.0), while proteins were slowly released and saccharose poorly consumed. In contrast, A. alternata and C. herbarum demonstrated a different pattern of growth, in which the pH of the culture hardly changed during incubation. Enrichment of the synthetic medium with yeast extract greatly improved the growth of all four fungi, as was confirmed by the enhanced yield of antigenic material and strongly increased consumption of saccharose. The yeast extract especially changed the growth pattern of A. fumigatus and P. notatum, which now is characterized by three phases. Phase I: fall in pH of the growth medium and excretion of proteins; phase II: increase in pH and fall in protein concentration; phase III: stabilization of pH at alkaline values and renewed excretions of proteins. It is concluded that during cultivation of the fungi, the metabolic state of the culture changes, influencing the antigenic composition of the extracts obtained after different periods of cultivation.

Antigens↗
PubMed1990

[The lipids of mycelial fungi and the prospects for the development of microbial oleo-biotechnology. I. The lipids of mycelial fungi].

The importance of mycelial fungi as a source of lipids for development of modern oleo biotechnology is considered. For this purpose the data on fungal lipid composition and the main enzymes of fatty acid synthesis in fungi as compared with procaryotes and higher eucaryotes as well the data on the effect of a number of physicochemical factors on the yield and composition of the lipids of the micromycetes are presented. The information on the fungi producers according to the lipid composition able to substitute the vegetable oil and be the source of linolic, linolenic and arachidonic acids is put forward.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed1993

Studies of aquatic fungi. XIX. Aquatic fungi of the Rudawka River.

Studies of aquatic fungi were carried out in the annual cycle in the years 1987-1989 against a background of hydrochemical relations in the Rudawka River, a tributary of the Orlanka. 35 species of aquatic fungi were found, of which a prevailing number were reported many times in various water reservoirs. Such species, however, as Olpidium entophytum, Achlyogeton entophytum, Rhizidium verrucosum, Catenaria sphaerocarpa, Leptolegniella keratinophila and Zoophagus tentaclum are new to Polish hydromycoflora. In summer months (July-August) the mycoflora of this river was poor, the occurrence of various species of aquatic fungi increased in autumn and spring, and less so in winter.

Ecosystem↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of entomopathogenic fungi on the activity of detoxicating enzymes of larvae of bee pyralid Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidee) and the role of detoxicating enzymes in the formation of the insect' resistance to entomopathogenic fungi].

In the work it was shown that fungal infection of insects increased the total esterase and glutathione-S-transferase activities of hemolymph. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in infected larvae remained at the same level as in intact larvae. Fungi-infected bee pyralid larvae turned out to be 1.46 times more resistant to phosphoorganic insecticide malation as compared to intact larvae. On the other hand, treating insects with the inhibitors of detoxicating enzymes caused a sharp decrease in the insects' resistance to entomophathogenic fungi. The work discusses possible participation of detoxicating enzymes in the formation of the insects' resistance to entomopathogenic fungi as well as new strategies of the development and creation of complex biopreparations based on entomopathogenic microorganisms and inhibitors of detoxicating enzymes.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of the toxicity of various lignin-related phenolic compounds toward selected fungi perfecti and fungi imperfecti.

A selection of 88 micromycetes belonging to various taxonomic groups was grown on malt-agar medium containing different lignin-related phenolic compounds (ferulic, protocatechuic, syringic and vanillic acids, catechol, guaiacol, and phenol) at concentrations ranging from 100 to 1000 mg/liter. Growth and morphological changes were recorded after 15 days of incubation. Behavior of fungi in contact with the different phenolics were compared. Some strains were very sensitive and might constitute specific or general bioindicators of pollution. The relationships between origin of isolates or constitutive phenoloxidase activity and resistance or sensitivity of fungi to phenolics were researched. No evidence of implication of these two parameters was found.

Culture Media↗
PubMed2005

Eccrinales (Trichomycetes) are not fungi, but a clade of protists at the early divergence of animals and fungi.

The morphologically diverse orders Eccrinales and Amoebidiales have been considered members of the fungal class Trichomycetes (Zygomycota) for the last 50 years. These organisms either inhabit the gut or are ectocommensals on the exoskeleton of a wide range of arthropods--Crustacea, Insecta, and Diplopoda--in varied habitats. The taxonomy of both orders is based on a few micromorphological characters. One species, Amoebidium parasiticum, has been axenically cultured and this has permitted several biochemical and phylogenetic analyses. As a consequence, the order Amoebidiales has been removed from the Trichomycetes and placed in the class Mesomycetozoea. An affinity between Eccrinales and Amoebidiales was first suggested when the class Trichomycetes was erected by Duboscq et al. [Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. 86 (1948) 29]. Subsequently, molecular markers have been developed to study the relationship of these orders to other groups. Ribosomal gene (18S and 28S) sequence analyses generated by this study do not support a close association of these orders to the Trichomycetes or to other fungi. Rather, Eccrinales share a common ancestry with the Amoebidiales and belong to the protist class Mesomycetozoea, placed at the animal-fungi boundary.

Base Sequence↗