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PubMed · 1762003

Fracture patterns in battered children.

R T Loder·C Bookout
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Abstract

We reviewed cases of 75 battered children with fractures over a 2-year period. The average age was 16 months; 57% were boys. There were 154 fractures (2.0 per child); 77% were acute and 23% were old. The most common fracture occurred in the skull (32%) and the most common long bone fracture occurred in the tibia (16%). The most common long bone fracture pattern was transverse (41%); corner fractures accounted for 28% of long bone fractures. An isolated acute fracture was the orthopaedic injury in 65% of the children, whereas multiple fractures in various stages of healing were present in only 13% of children.

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Battered Child SyndromeChild AbuseChild, PreschoolFemaleFractures, BoneHumansInfantMaleMultiple TraumaRadiographySkull FracturesJournal Article

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R T Loder, C Bookout. 1991. Fracture patterns in battered children.. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005131-199112000-00007

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PubMed1997

[Ocular pathology of child abuse].

BACKGROUND: In spite of a growing awareness in the population most cases of child abuse remain probably undetected. Ocular changes in this syndrome are manifold. Sometimes ocular signs can help to substantiate the suspicion of child abuse. On the other hand the ophthalmologist may be the first physician to be contacted. Thus, he plays an important role in diagnosis. Though there are a couple of clinical descriptions morphological data are almost completely missing in the German literature. PATIENT: A two-year-old girl died two days after severe abuse because of widespread intracranial hemorrhages with brain stem insufficiency. At autopsy both eyes were enucleated and sent for histological investigation. RESULTS: The anterior segments were unremarkable. Multiple hemorrhages were found in the inner retina bilaterally. Moreover there were preretinal, intrachoroidal, intrascleral (area of the circle of Zinn-Haller) and subdural hemorrhages. One eye showed a circular, perimacular fold of the central retina and a hemorrhagic retinoschisis. CONCLUSIONS: Intraretinal hemorrhages alone are typical though not pathognomonic for the "battered-child syndrome". However, in combination with a crater-like appearance of the central retina, a hemorrhagic retinoschisis; and intrascleral hemorrhages in the area of the circle of Zinn-Haller they suggest child abuse almost with certainty. The pathogenic mechanisms leading to the observed fundus changes lack definite clarification. The date of violence which is essential for legal prosecution can be difficult to evaluate on morphological grounds alone.

Battered Child Syndrome↗