PubMed · 16167018
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Daniel Farray, Joseph I Clark. 2005. Review.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16167018/
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BACKGROUND: Telomeres are important for chromosome structure and function, protecting them against degradation. However, few studies have examined telomeres in pulmonary neuroendocrine (NE) tumors. METHODS: We investigated deparaffinized sections obtained from 70 primary NE lung tumors [34 typical carcinoids (TCs), 10 atypical carcinoids (ACs), 16 large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNECs) and 10 small cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs)]. RESULTS: Positive expressions of human telomerase mRNA component (hTERC) and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA were recognized, respectively, in 58% and 74% of TCs, and in 100% and 100% of ACs, LCNECs and SCLCs. Alteration of telomere length was greater in both LCNECs and SCLCs than in TCs. Telomerase activity was detected in LCNECs, but not in TCs. By the reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), hTERC mRNA was detected in 100% of LCNECs and TCs examined, while hTERT mRNA was detected in 67% of LCNECs, but not at all in TCs. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that alterations in telomere length, telomerase activity, and the expression of hTERT mRNA may (i) play roles in pathogenesis in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors, and (ii) be a useful tool for differential diagnosis between TCs and LCNECs.
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Endoscopic ultrasound enables imaging of the pancreas with high resolution. Today, it is considered to be the best preoperative imaging procedure in insulinomas. Since the result of endoscopic ultrasound may influence surgical strategy (minimally invasive approach), it needs to be performed in all patients. Furthermore, positive endoscopic ultrasound is able to confirm the diagnosis of insulinoma, since fasting test also may have been positive due to the intake of sulfonylureas or glinides which may have been missed Patiin toxicological analysis. However, false-positive and false-negative results always have to be taken into account. Gastrinomas which are located in the pancreas are usually detected by endoscopic ultrasound, yet often missed when localized in the duodenal wall. Thus, endoscopic ultrasound is not very helpful in treatment planning here. In multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), endoscopic ultrasound is by far the best method to analyze the morphology of the pancreas. Clinical consequences are difficult, since the unclear prognosis of very small neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors in MEN1 on the one hand and possible side effects of surgical treatment (perioperative complications, diabetes mellitus following pancreatic surgery) on the other hand need to be discussed.