PubMed · 15529725
The source did not provide an abstract. Follow the original record for more information.
Explore connections, maps & timelines
Charles A Griffis. 2004. Expert testimony.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15529725/
Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.
KEEP EXPLORING
Anaesthesia and emergency medical care for infants and toddlers is often associated with high clinical demands and specific challenges. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of interventions is performed by anaesthetists and emergency physicians with no specialised paediatric training and little experience in the management of anaesthetic incidents and emergencies specific to these age groups. Extensive studies have demonstrated a close inverse correlation between the level of specialisation and perioperative morbidity and mortality. However, clinical circumstances and the relatively small number of paediatric cases at many institutions often hinder the establishment of improved training concepts. Recently, high-fidelity infant simulators have become available, which permit authentic exposure to a large spectrum of scenarios in paediatric anaesthesia and emergency medicine. A multimodular concept of training, including such simulator-based techniques, may relieve the widespread shortage in clinical experience, and hence greatly facilitate improvement of quality of care and patient safety.
Because of specific paediatric respiratory physiology (mainly decreased compliance and functional residual capacity, increased O2 demand and CO2 production), ventilators for paediatric anaesthesia need to be powerful and able to deliver small volumes at a high rate without compression volume loss. The compensation of compliance now available on every anaesthesia machine, compensates for the volume of gas lost by compression in the circuit tubing allowing the tidal volume to reach preset commands, even for bellow in box respirators. Preset tidal volume is then totally delivered to the lung by volume-controlled ventilation because it becomes independent of total pulmonary compliance and fresh gas flow. Increased precision of electronic flowmeters and better air-tightness of circuits allow reducing with precision fresh gas flow to values approaching children's O2 consumption and N2O diffusion. New modes of ventilation are now available on anaesthesia machine. Pressure controlled mode, by increasing and maintaining mean airway pressures, ameliorates intrapulmonary gas distribution and compensates for the gas leak from uncuffed tracheal tubes. Unsteady tidal volume resulting from variation of total compliance, is the main drawback of pressure-controlled ventilation that may be overcome by using the "autoflow" mode (better described as a pressure controlled mode ensuring tidal volume) available with one of the last generation of ventilators. Increased accuracy and security of the mode "pressure assist" might increase the use of spontaneous ventilation in paediatric anaesthesia even for low weight children. However tidal volume remains variable with compliance and depth of anaesthesia, which may require several adjustments of ventilator's settings. The clinical conditions (mainly airway control) of pressure assist use for children less than 10 kg should be elucidated before recommending its use.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.