PubMed · 15459727
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John F Ross. 2004. Pascal's legacy.. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.7400229
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Studies of vision have informed theories first in philosophy and then in psychology. Over the centuries, an increasing number of phenomena have been enlisted to refute or reinforce particular theories. Nowhere has this been more evident than in binocular vision. How we see a single world with two eyes is one of the oldest and most consistently studied topics in vision research. It has been discussed at least since the time of Aristotle and it has been examined experimentally since the second century, when Ptolemy defined lines of visual correspondence for the two eyes. Prior to Wheatstone's invention of the stereoscope in the 1830s, binocular vision had been studied in terms of visual directions. The stereoscope established distance (or depth) as well as direction as dimensions of binocular vision. Subsequently, depth rather than direction has been the principal concern of students of vision, and texts in English devoted to analyses of direction rather than depth have been neglected. We examine the experiments on binocular visual direction conducted by Wells before Wheatstone, and by Towne and LeConte after him, and discuss the reasons for their neglect.
Myasthenia gravis was first recognised as a distinct clinical entity by Thomas Willis, a 17th century Oxford physician, whose 1672 account in Latin was largely unnoticed until 1903. The first modern description was made in 1877 by Samuel Wilks, a London physician. Towards the close of the 19th century, primary muscle diseases and diseases due to denervation of muscle were studied by English, French, and German physicians. The first full descriptions of myasthenia gravis were by Wilhelm Erb, of Heidelberg, and Samuel Goldflam of Warsaw. The account by Willis, and the 19th century literature of myasthenia gravis are reviewed, revealing the dominance of German physicians and neuropathologists in the early understanding of the disease. The development in pathology, aetiology, and therapy in the first half of the 20th century are described.