PubMed · 14806916
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V ORAM. 1950-09-01. [Transitional endometrium].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14806916/
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Amenorrhoea associated with reduced caloric intake and strenuous exercise leads to hypoestrogenism and is associated with clinical manifestations that include disordered eating, stress fractures, osteoporosis, and, as recently reported, a potential increase in the risk of premature cardiovascular disease. Disordered eating, menstrual irregularities and bone loss comprise the clinical condition known as the 'female athlete triad'. The aetiology of the triad is linked to a high prevalence of disordered eating and cognitive restraint. This results in inadequate caloric intake for high exercise energy expenditures that leads to energy deficiency. This in turn stimulates compensatory mechanisms, such as weight loss or energy conservation, subsequently causing a central suppression of reproductive function and concomitant hypoestrogenism. Because the aetiology of menstrual disturbances and the female athlete triad is causally linked to energy deficiency, there is no justification for fears that exercise itself is unhealthy for women. However, improved detection, monitoring, and treatment of all components of the triad in exercising women should be emphasized. This paper critically reviews the physiological aspects and clinical sequelae of energy deficiency and hypoestrogenism associated with the female athlete triad in exercising women.
High-dose chemotherapy and radiotherapy have increased the long-term survival of young patients with cancer; nevertheless, the toxic effects on ovarian function causing amenorrhoea, premature menopause and infertility, are still severe.
OBJECTIVE: The end stage renal disease has accompaniments in body systems, including hormonal changes. The present study was designed to evaluate the pattern of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL) and estradiol (E2) in 47 women with end stage renal disease (ESRD), on regular dialysis and receiving recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO). METHODS: One patient was on intermittent peritoneal dialysis, 4 on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and 42 on maintenance haemodialysis. They were divided into: Group I consisted of 10 women with regular menses, aged lesser than 48 years; Group II consisted of 15 women with amenorrhea, aged lesser than 48 years and; Group III, consisted of 22 women with amenorrhea, aged 48 years or more. Levels of FSH, LH, PRL and E2 were obtained by ELISA. RESULTS: All groups showed FSH, LH and E2 levels in the normal range for normal women without renal failure, and there was no statistical significance in the levels of these hormones between women with regular menses or women with amenorrhea aged lesser than 48 years. The serum concentrations of PRL were above the normal range in all groups. The patients aged 48 or more showed hormonal profile consistent with post-menopausal (i.e. high FSH, high LH and low estradiol). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that ovarian function is intact on ESRD and we have to search for other causes for amenorrhea in women that do not have an abnormal hormonal sex profile.