Search PubMed⌕ Search
Home/Archive/PubMed

PubMed · 14690331

Absorbed dose determination with plane-parallel chambers.

C Austerlitz
View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

According to IAEA TRS 398 recommendations the determination of absorbed dose with plane-parallel ionisation chambers calibrated in terms of N(K,Q0) can be done using N(D,W,Q0) = (M(Q0)(free air)/M(Q0)(surface)) N(K,Q0)B[(mu(en)/rho)(W,air)](free air) P(Q0). This equation takes into account only the scattering from the stem of the soft ionisation chamber, not the total scattering published in the scientific literature. That makes it difficult to perform dosimetry with field sizes different from those used in the standardisation laboratory to calibrate the chamber. This paper describes a method to calculate D(W,Q0) by using either N(K,Q0) or N(D,W,Q0) for different radiation field sizes.

Explore related subjects

AirCalibrationIonsParticle AcceleratorsPhantoms, ImagingPhotonsRadiometryRadiotherapy DosageScattering, RadiationJournal Article

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

C Austerlitz. 2003. Absorbed dose determination with plane-parallel chambers.. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006361

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related citations

PubMed2005

Advanced start-up of anaerobic attached film expanded bed reactor by pre-aeration of biofilm carrier.

The start-up and performance of the anaerobic attached film expanded bed (AAFEB) reactor with pre-aeration of carrier were investigated. The carriers of the reactors had been aerated for 10 days before they were put into the AAFEB reactors. The results indicated that the reactors advance the start-up by 15 days, and maintain higher efficiency when they were subjected to organic and hydraulic loading shock, but during steady-state operation, the reactors did not show better performance than the control reactors without pre-aeration of carrier. The thicker biofilm and higher biomass concentration of the reactors with pre-aeration were observed during the start-up period, but the difference between two types of reactors tapered with the time course, and at the steady-state operation, the difference between two types of reactors on these two parameters was not obvious. Maximum specific methane or acids production rates, dehydrogenase activity and coenzyme F(420) content were continuously higher than those of the control reactors. After running 30 days, filamentous bacteria dominated in the reactors with pre-aeration, whereas the cocci were predominant species in the control reactors. It was suggested that the action of the biofilm is strongly dependent on the biofilm thickness or the biomass concentration in normal circumstances, but under adverse circumstances, such as organic or hydraulic loading shock, the characteristics and activity of the anaerobic granular sludge play key roles on the reactor performance. These results clearly indicated that pre-aeration of carrier favor to enhance the start-up and performance of AAFEB reactor.

Air↗
PubMed2005

Use of coagulants in treatment of olive oil wastewater model solutions by induced air flotation.

Natural polyelectrolytes are suitable coagulants for the treatment of industrial and minicipal wastewaters because they are safe and have environmental benefits. Chitosan, a natural cationic polyelectrolyte, and other similar coagulants were used in the treatment of an olive oil water suspension as a model for the processing wastewater. The effect of chitosan, starch, alum and ferric chloride on the coagulation of oil droplets were determined by the jar test apparatus and turbidometric measurements. Olive oil emulsion samples were prepared by the use of surface active agents and other agents that could form stable oil water emulsions. The effect of parameters such as pH, ionic strength and optimum dosage of the coagulants were determined in the jar test experiments. Following the jar experiments, with the optimum concentration of the suitable coagulant, the emulsions were placed in an induced air flotation (IAF) cell to separate the coagulated oil droplets from solution. In the air flotation experiments, the effect of temperature, surfactant concentration and air flowrate were determined on the decrease of turbidity and COD of the emulsion samples. In the jar experiments, chitosan and alum used together at concentrations of 15 and 25 ppm, respectively, at pH 6 produced the lowest turbidity values. In the air flotation experiments, a concentration of 100 ppm of chitosan, an air flowrate of 3 l/min, aeration time of 45 s, temperature of 20 degrees C and pH 6 produced optimum levels. At optimum conditions of coagulation and flotation stages, the COD of the olive oil emulsion could be reduced by 95%.

Air↗
PubMed2005

Thermophilic aeration of cattle slurry with whey and/or jam wastes.

Thermophilic aeration of cattle slurry and food industrial by-products was studied with the aim to improve hygienic qualities of the slurry so that it could be used as a safe fertiliser for berries to be eaten raw. We also wanted to study if the process would be energetically favourable in an arctic climate. Cattle slurry alone or with whey and/or jam waste was treated. The tests were done in a well heat-insulated reactor with a 10 m(3) volume. Temperature increases up to over 70 degrees C could be recorded in 19 days even though some processes were carried out in winter time when the ambient air temperature was less than 0 degrees C. The heat energy formed was higher than the electrical energy needed to carry out the aeration. The hygienic qualities of the aerated product were good with only minor nitrogen losses. The end product could be useful as a fertiliser and soil improving compound to increase the organic matter content of agricultural soil. Cattle slurry alone was well suited as the raw material if attaining a high temperature was the main goal. A part of slurry could be replaced with food-industrial side products. Whey waste suited better for co-composting than jam waste but the mixture of whey, jam waste, and slurry was optimal for composting.

Air↗