PubMed · 13379630
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W F KOLLIBAY. 1956. Modern grids.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13379630/
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Towards overcoming the size limitations of conventional two-photon fluorescence microscopy, we introduce two-photon imaging based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) scanners. Single crystalline silicon scanning mirrors that are 0.75 mm x 0.75 mm in size and driven in two dimensions by microfabricated vertical comb electrostatic actuators can provide optical deflection angles through a range of approximately16 degrees . Using such scanners we demonstrated two-photon microscopy and microendoscopy with fast-axis acquisition rates up to 3.52 kHz.
A MALDI ion source on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer constructed for the purpose of obtaining high speed quantitative measurements on drugs and other low molecular weight compounds is described. Particular attention is given to the ion generation and transport phenomena that affect analysis speed, throughput, and practical instrument robustness. In this regard parameters that affect desorption speed, beam spreading, ion flight times, sensitivity, signal-to-noise, ion fragmentation, sample carry-over, and instrument contamination are examined and experimental results are provided. MALDI and electrospray sensitivity is compared, to provide a practical frame of reference.
BACKGROUND: A substantial proportion of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients discontinue interferon-beta (IFNbeta) treatment due to various adverse effects, most of which emerge at the early phase after initiation of the treatment and then diminish with time. At present, the molecular mechanism underlying IFNbeta-related adverse effects remains largely unknown. The aim of this study is to identify a comprehensive list of early IFNbeta-responsive genes (IRGs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that may play a key role in induction of adverse effects. METHODS: Total RNA of PBMC exposed to 50 ng/ml recombinant human IFNbeta for 3 to 24 hours in vitro was processed for cDNA microarray analysis, followed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. RESULTS: Among 1,258 genes on the array, IFNbeta elevated the expression of 107 and 87 genes, while it reduced the expression of 22 and 23 genes at 3 and 24 hours, respectively. Upregulated IRGs were categorized into conventional IFN-response markers, components of IFN-signaling pathways, chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and their receptors, regulators of apoptosis, DNA damage, and cell cycle, heat shock proteins, and costimulatory and adhesion molecules. IFNbeta markedly upregulated CXCR3 ligand chemokines (SCYB11, SCYB10 and SCYB9) chiefly active on effector T helper type 1 (Th1) T cells, and CCR2 ligand chemokines (SCYA8 and SCYA2) effective on monocytes, whereas it downregulated CXCR2 ligand chemokines (SCYB2, SCYB1 and IL8) primarily active on neutrophils. CONCLUSION: IFNbeta immediately induces a burst of gene expression of proinflammatory chemokines in vitro that have potential relevance to IFNbeta-related early adverse effects in MS patients in vivo.