PubMed · 13117142
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P T HUGENHOLTZ. 1953. [Integration].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13117142/
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A continuum of symptoms between "normality" and overt psychosis has been documented in relatives of schizophrenia patients, SPD, and individuals who may be in the early stages of a psychotic illness with "subsyndromal" symptoms. The empirically derived criteria for SPD have been refined to define a clinical phenotype that is linked to schizophrenia. The clinical SPD symptoms define a heterogeneous group of individuals who are often comorbid for Axis I and II disorders, may or may not have a family history of schizophrenia, and are at risk for developing schizophrenia themselves. SPD subjects have similar abnormalities to those observed in schizophrenia patients on various psychophysiologic paradigms designed to study central inhibition, including P50 event-related potential suppression, PPI of the startle response, and the antisaccade task. Because SPD subjects do not have many of the confounding variables observed in schizophrenia patients (i.e., medication effects), these paradigms might represent vulnerability markers that are possible endophenotypes for schizophrenia spectrum illness. Questions still remain as to whether SPD is genotypically linked to schizophrenia but has genes of lesser penetrance, fewer affected genes, lack of a second hit, or perhaps protective factors. It is also possible that SPD, like schizophrenia, is a common final pathway that can come about because of several etiologic factors that affect crucial neurodevelopmental periods. Future directions in SPD work might include the use of vulnerability markers to essentially subtype schizophrenia spectrum patients and create simpler endophenotypes to understand the phenomenologic and neurobiologic substrate. The use of vulnerability markers along with clinical symptoms may help to improve the predictive power for identifying individuals at risk for schizophrenia for early intervention. Finally, genetic studies have yet to be performed in SPD.
Beyond Nasby and Read's analysis in this special issue, this article identifies four domains of potential knowledge about Dodge Morgan: environmental dispositions, conduct qua sailor, orientation toward privacy, and personality and life story as represented within his lifelong community. Five formulations of dispositions are reviewed, as (a) categorical summaries, (b) hypothetical conditional propositions, (c) physical causes, (d) purposive-cognitive causes, and (e) a hybrid of physical and purposive-cognitive causes. Their implications are examined for three forms of life accounts: personal life stories, community-generated life stories, and life-history analyses. The progress in understanding persons and their lives represented by Nasby and Read's analysis of Morgan is gauged by comparing it with Murray and White's (1938) case analysis of Earnst.
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