PubMed · 12306274
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C Verdoux. 1972. [Physical contraceptive methods].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12306274/
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OBJECTIVES: To report on the applicability, reproducibility, and adverse events of the noninvasive condom catheter method in the first 730 subjects of a longitudinal survey of changes in urinary bladder contractility secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia, in which 1300 men will be evaluated three times in 5 years using this method. METHODS: Subjects were recruited by general practitioners, general publicity, and e-mail. Only those meeting the study criteria were entered in the study. If the free flow rate exceeded 5.4 mL/s, at least two consecutive condom pressure measurements were attempted using the condom catheter method. The condom pressure measured reflected the isovolumetric bladder pressure, a measure of urinary bladder contractility. The reproducibility of the method was quantified by a difference plot of the two maximal condom pressures measured in each subject. RESULTS: In 618 (94%) of 659 eligible participants, one condom pressure measurement was completed; two measurements were done in 555 (84%). The maximal condom pressure ranged from 28 to 228 cm H2O (overall mean 101, SD 34). A difference between the two pressures of less than +/-21 cm H2O was found in 80%. The mean difference was -1 cm H2O (SD 18), significantly different from 0. Some adverse events such as terminal self-limiting hematuria were encountered. CONCLUSIONS: The condom catheter method is very suitable for large-scale use. It has a success rate of 94% and a reproducibility comparable to that of invasive pressure flow studies.
BACKGROUND: The effects of contraception on subsequent fecundity are yet to be substantiated. METHODS: A total of 2841 consecutive pregnant women in Hull and Sheffield completed questionnaires inquiring about time to pregnancy (TTP), contraceptive use, pregnancy planning, previous pregnancies, age and lifestyle characteristics of each partner. Outcome measures were mean TTP, conception probability and odds of subfecundity after discontinuing each contraceptive method. RESULTS: TTP following long-term combined oral contraceptive (COC), short-term intrauterine device (IUD) or any duration of injectable use were 2.0-, 1.6-, 3.0-fold longer than TTP after condom use, respectively. Within 6 months of discontinuing COC or injectable use, conception probabilities were 0.86 and 0.34, respectively, whereas those relevant to other methods were not significantly different. All levonorgestrel intrauterine system (IUS) users conceived within 1 month. Relative to condoms, odds of subfecundity after COC, injectable and short-term IUD use were 1.9, 5.5, 2.9, respectively. The effect of COC and injectables was stronger with long-term use, in older, obese or oligomenorrhoeic women. Similar results were obtained after adjustment for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS: A significant reduction in fecundity occurs after COC, IUD or injectables, which is dependent on the duration of use. The effect of COC and injectables is evident in women with a potentially compromised ovarian function. Use of progesterone-only pills or IUS is not associated with a significant effect.
Commercial sex work has many medical and psychiatric implications. In recent years many papers on this matter have been published. However, many of these articles are based on opinions rather then on empiric fieldwork. Sex workers in the western world are not a major source of spread of venereal diseases. Nonetheless, it is important for medical decision makers to be aware of the health risks related to commercial sex work habits: for example. avoidance of condoms for oral sex, might be a risk factor for gonorrhea transmission. In field studies in Israel and abroad, it has been shown that sex workers are not always drug addicts or mentally ill; many of them see it as a legitimate form of work that is dictated by their needs, their social, personal and familial background. Commercial sex workers frequently suffer from emotional and somatic health problems that are often neglected. This review intends to examine the few empirical works that have been conducted on commercial sex workers. including our recent study performed in Israel.