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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Condom performance during vaginal intercourse: comparison of Trojan-Enz and Tactylon condoms.

Forty-nine mutually monogamous couples used a total of 478 condoms during vaginal intercourse in a prospective trial whose purpose was to discover whether the performance of a new non-latex hypoallergenic condom was substantially equivalent to that of a leading condom brand already being marketed. Of these 478 condoms, seven (1.46%) either broke or fell off the penis during intercourse. Two (0.42%) of the 471 condoms that did not break or fall off during intercourse fell off the penis when it was being withdrawn from the vagina. Altogether, 469 (98.1%) of the 478 condoms used for intercourse survived intact throughout intercourse and withdrawal. Differences in breakage and slippage rates for the two condom brands were statistically insignificant. The overall 98.1% success rate is much higher than the rate of success found in a previous condom trial with nearly identical research protocol. The reason for the difference is attributed to much more precise questioning of subjects in the current trial.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Study to determine the correlation between condom breakage in human use and laboratory test results.

The present study examined the value of laboratory tests in predicting condom breakage for 20 lots of latex condoms which differed in age, storage history and laboratory test performance. Two-hundred-sixty-two participating U.S. couples used a total of 4589 latex condoms (mean = 229 condoms per lot, range 224-235). Breakage rates ranged from 3.5 percent for a brand new condom lot to 18.6 percent for a lot that was 81 months old at the time of the study. The statistical predictor models, separately using ultimate elongation from the tensile test, the Condom Quality Index from the airburst volume test, and the percent of condoms failing the airburst volume test as the independent variables and the condom breakage rate as the dependent variable, all appear to have a high level of accuracy in predicting condom breakage in use. The three models had correlation coefficients (R2s) of 0.81, 0.74 and 0.69, respectively. Perhaps the most unexpected result was that the age of the condom lot was the best predictor of condom breakage during use (correlation coefficient (R2) = 0.92). Although the present investigation does not provide sufficient justification to use age as the only factor for decisions on condom lot disposition, it does provide some guidance.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Condom use and breakage among women in a municipal hospital family planning clinic.

For those who choose to be sexually active, condoms are the best available means of protection against sexually transmitted diseases including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Condoms are also an effective method for preventing pregnancy. Unfortunately, condoms are not 100% effective at preventing pregnancy or the spread of infection, in part because condoms do break. In order to gain insight into condom breakage, a questionnaire was administered to women attending a municipal hospital family planning clinic. Thirty-six percent of the 106 subjects had experienced at least one condom breakage. Condom breakage occurred in approximately 1 out of 100 acts of intercourse using condoms, with a lifetime breakage rate of 10 per 1000 condom uses and a past year breakage rate of 8 per 1000 condom uses. Breakage rates did not differ substantially by age. Five percent of the women's unplanned pregnancies were attributed to broken condoms. The results of this study corroborate previously reported rates. Factors associated with these women's most recent breakage experiences included: vaginal intercourse, minimal foreplay, and breakage prior to ejaculation. Controlled studies will be needed to determine how the condom can be used to reduce the likelihood of breakage.

Contraceptive Devices, Male↗
PubMed1992

Factors associated with condom use among sexually active female adolescents.

A health belief model of condom use was used to identify factors associated with condom use in 390 sexually active female adolescents, aged 12 through 19 years, recruited at the time of a visit for reproductive health care. Fifty-six percent were white and the remainder black. Nineteen percent had genitourinary infections with Chlamydia trachomatis. Forty-six percent reported having had more than one sexual partner in the preceding year. Reported condom use for at least one specific reason (prevention of pregnancy, sexually transmitted disease, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) increased as behavioral, emotional, and sexually transmitted disease risk decreased, and as cognitive maturity and positive condom attitudes increased. Although uses of condoms to prevent pregnancy, sexually transmitted disease, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were positively intercorrelated, each made a contribution to explaining condom use at most recent coitus (odds ratios 2.95, 3.96, and 2.81, respectively). After statistical adjustment for the reported reasons for previous condom use, behavioral risk was the only additional factor associated with condom use at the most recent sexual encounter; women who participated in more risk behaviors (substance and alcohol use and minor delinquency) were less likely to have used a condom (odds ratio 0.61). Knowledge about sexually transmitted disease and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and concurrent use of contraceptive pills, were not related to condom practices. The data suggest that adolescents' perceptions about condoms, including the individual functions of condoms for contraception and for prevention of sexually transmitted disease, may be important in determining their use. Engaging in unprotected intercourse may be part of a larger behavioral domain that includes other unhealthy behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Virus leakage through natural membrane condoms.

The authors determined virus leakage from condoms made from processed sheep caecum using two viral probes simultaneously. They poured a mixture of two viruses, the bacteriophage, phi X174 (4 X 10(7) pfu/ml), and the human pathogen, herpes simplex virus (about 1 X 10(6) pfu/ml), in a buffered solution into condoms, which were suspended into beakers also containing buffered solution. The authors then assayed aliquots from the beakers to measure the extent of virus leakage from the condoms. With one brand of condom, 10 out of 24 samples leaked small amounts of phi X174; with the other brand of condom, 13 out of 24 samples gave similar leakage. The extent of leakage varied over two orders of magnitude from condom to condom within each brand. Of the 23 condoms that leaked the smaller virus, phi X174 (27 nm in diameter), only two also leaked the larger herpesvirus (120-150 nm in diameter). These data demonstrate that (1) large and small viruses can leak from natural membrane condoms; (2) there is considerable variation from condom to condom in allowing leakage of the viruses; and (3) leakage of a small virus does not necessarily indicate that a larger virus will leak from that particular condom. The authors explain some inconsistencies in the published literature.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

African-American women who always use condoms: attitudes, knowledge about AIDS, and sexual behavior.

Given the alarming increase in the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including AIDS, among African-American women, it is apparent that many people are engaging in sexual intercourse without using condoms. The current study examined the interrelationships among attitudes about condom use, knowledge about AIDS, sexual behavior, and drug use among 121 adult African-American women who varied in their intentions to use condoms: 21 (17%) were classified as Steady Users, 75 (62%) did not use condoms but they had High Intentions to, while 25 (21%) did not use condoms and had Low Intentions to use them. Results indicate that the three groups did not differ in their overall knowledge about AIDS or their attitudes toward using condoms as contraceptives. Significant group differences were noted for other scales that assessed attitudes about condoms. Attitudes about the use of condoms were very similar for the Steady Users and the women in the High Intentions group. However, these two groups were significantly (p < .01) different in their belief that condoms are uncomfortable and interrupt sex. Women with Low Intentions to use condoms had significantly (p < .05) more intense angry reactions regarding the negotiation of condom use and significantly more negative attitudes about the use of condoms than women in the other groups. The three groups were not differentiated by drug use, previous treatment for STDs, or their perceived risk for being exposed to AIDS. The present study is cross-sectional in nature and future research using better methodology is needed to establish causal relationships.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Condom use in multi-ethnic neighborhoods of San Francisco: the population-based AMEN (AIDS in Multi-Ethnic Neighborhoods) Study.

We examined the prevalence and correlates of condom use in a community-based sample of unmarried heterosexual and gay/bisexual Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics (aged 20 to 44 years) in San Francisco (n = 1229). Only 9% of heterosexual males reported always using condoms, and fewer of those with multiple sexual partners (6%) reported always using condoms compared with those in monogamous relationships (12%). Much higher proportions of gay/bisexual men reported always using condoms (48%). Racial differences in condom use were observed only among women. Sexual communication and the sexual enjoyment value of condoms were consistent correlates of condom use across gender and sexual orientation, while other condom-related beliefs were significant predictors of condom use only for men. In general, condom promotion programs should build sexual communication skills, teach people how to enhance enjoyment with condoms, and reduce psychological barriers to condom acquisition and use.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inappropriate lubricant use with condoms by homosexual men.

Use of condoms has been advocated as an important method of reducing the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission among high-risk groups such as homosexual and bisexual men, prostitutes, intravenous drug users, adolescents, and hemophiliacs. Despite risk-reduction education campaigns directed to gay men since the early 1980s, evidence shows continued deficits in condom-use skills and knowledge among gay men. Because most failures in the use of condoms are attributed to errors in use, increasing knowledge and skills in condom use is important in preventing HIV infection. Two groups of homosexual and bisexual men were sampled, those entering a risk-reduction education program and participants in a Gay Pride event. They were surveyed on their current sex practices and their efforts to reduce their risk of HIV infection. They were asked about their numbers of sex partners, specific sexual behaviors, use of condoms, types of condoms used, and lubricants used for genital-anal sex. The characteristics of those surveyed were similar to those of respondents in other studies of risk reduction among gay men. The use of an oil-based lubricant with condoms has been shown to weaken latex and to increase the likelihood of condom breakage, which use of water-based lubricants does not. Among respondents who reported having genital-anal sex, 60 percent reported use of an oil-based lubricant with a condom at least once during the year before the survey. Gay men in sexually exclusive relationships engaged in less consistent use of condoms for receptive genital-anal sex than did single gay men. The duration of their relationship with a partner was unrelated to the consistency of risk reducing behaviors practiced by men in sexually exclusive relationships. Gay Pride participants engaged in sexual behavior that was relatively more risky for HIV transmission than did the other group. Gay Pride participants used condoms less consistently for genital-anal sex than did the risk-reduction program entrants.The findings indicate the need for better risk reduction education efforts directed to gay men. Continued improvement in these efforts will require assessing the effectiveness and consistency of risk reduction efforts, determining the potential for gay men to relapse into more risky behavior, and identifying gaps in the knowledge of risk-reduction efforts among gay and bisexual men. Risk reduction programs need to emphasize motivational factors, provide basic information on how one determines the content of lubricants, explain why water-based lubricants only should be used, and teach how to use condoms properly. Active outreach is needed to gay and bisexual men who are unlikely to voluntarily enroll in risk-reduction programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Determinants of condom use among junior high school students in a minority, inner-city school district.

Condoms reduce the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission; however, their use among adolescents has been inconsistent. Little is known about factors which motivate consistent condom use, particularly among younger adolescents. In a study designed to identify such factors, 1899 inner-city junior high school students were surveyed. In June 1988, students completed an anonymous self-report questionnaire assessing HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Among sexually active students (N = 403), logistic regression analysis evaluated the influence of demographic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors on frequency of condom use. Respondents who believe condoms are effective in preventing HIV transmission were 2.2 times more likely to report using condoms consistently during sexual intercourse; those with low perceived costs associated with condom use were 1.9 times more likely to be consistent users. Number of lifetime sexual partners was inversely related to frequency of condom use. Respondents with a history of three or more sex partners were half as likely to use condoms consistently. Factors not associated with consistent condom use include age, age at sexual debut, ethnicity, HIV knowledge, perceived efficacy to avoid HIV infection, and alcohol and drug use. School- and community-based HIV prevention programs will have to go beyond the didactic transfer of factual information and include more interactive teaching strategies to improve adolescents' attitudes toward condoms are self-efficacy to increase condom use and to counter negative peer influences and adolescents' perceptions of invulnerability. Physicians are an underutilized source of HIV prevention information. They have an important role in counseling adolescents about effective HIV-prevention methods and dispelling misperceptions which hinder consistent condom use.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

The why, when and whether of condom use among female and male drug users.

Eight focus groups consisting of all male, all female and mixed male and female drug users were conducted to gain an in-depth understanding of beliefs and behavior regarding the use of family planning services and contraceptives, particularly condom use in an effort to reduce the perinatal transmission of HIV. While participants often supported the use of condoms because of STDs and AIDS, their unplanned pregnancies and STD histories indicated in-consistent use, depending on the partner and the circumstances. The vast majority of both men and women did not like to use condoms because it interfered with the spontaneity and pleasure of sexual relations, though women seemed more willing to use condoms than their partners. Participants varied in their knowledge about the benefits of using a condom, in how and when to put it on, in the associations they made between condom use and trust and commitment, in the type of partner and conditions under which they would use condoms and in their willingness to consider condom use as an integral part of their lives. Issues of trust, commitment and condom use did not seem to have been resolved in the drug using community, particularly among younger people who appeared to have more difficulty in negotiating condom use. Promoting the use of condoms needs to be considered as part of a larger, multifaceted behavior change effort.

Condoms↗
PubMed1992

Confidential HIV testing and condom promotion in Africa. Impact on HIV and gonorrhea rates.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and counseling on self-reported condom and spermicide use and on corresponding HIV seroconversion and gonorrhea rates in urban Rwandan women. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with 2 years of follow-up, comparison of outcome variables before and after an intervention, and condom use measured in a control group that did not receive the intervention. SETTING: Outpatient research clinic in Kigali, the capital of Rwanda. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand four hundred fifty-eight childbearing women, 32% of whom were infected with HIV, were enrolled in a prospective study in 1988, and followed at 3- to 6-month intervals for 2 years. Follow-up was available for 95% of subjects at year 1 and 92% at year 2. INTERVENTIONS: An acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) educational videotape, HIV testing and counseling, and free condoms and spermicide were provided to all participants and interested sexual partners. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-report of compliance with condom-spermicide use and observed incidence of HIV and gonorrhea. RESULTS: Only 7% of women reported ever trying condoms before the intervention, but 22% reported condom use with good compliance 1 year later. Women who were HIV-positive were more likely to adopt condom use than HIV-negative women (36% vs 16%; P < .05). Independent predictors of condom use, both in HIV-positive and in HIV-negative women, included HIV testing and counseling of the male partner, having a nonmonogamous relationship, and believing condoms were not dangerous. Human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion rates decreased significantly (from 4.1 to 1.8 per 100 person-years; P < .04) in women whose partners were tested and counseled. The prevalence of gonorrhea decreased substantially (13% to 6%; P < .05) among HIV-positive women, with the greatest reduction among condom users (16% to 4%; P < .05). CONCLUSION: A confidential HIV testing and counseling program was associated with increased use of condoms and reduced rates of gonorrhea and HIV in urban Rwandan women. The lack of risk reduction in HIV-negative women whose partner's serostatus was unknown was of concern. Interventions that promote HIV testing and counseling for both members of a couple should be considered in other high-prevalence areas.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1990

Health knowledge and beliefs as predictors of intended condom use among Zimbabwean adolescents in probation/remand homes.

The association of AIDS knowledge, perceived susceptibility to HIV, efficacy of preventive measures, severity of HIV infection, cues to action, barriers to action and alcohol/drug use with intended condom use was examined among Zimbabwean adolescents (mean age = 16.9) in probation/remand homes. Eighty-six percent of males and 83% of females were reportedly sexually experienced of whom 28% of males and 14% of females reported consistent condom use. Those who knew that babies can be born with AIDS, that there is no vaccine against HIV and that traditional healers cannot cure AIDS were 2.50, 2.32 and 1.97 times as likely to definitely intend to use condoms. Individuals who believed condoms seldom break or leak and are effective against HIV were 4.12 and 4.65 times as likely to definitely intend to use them. Those who believed parents and boyfriend/girlfriends thought condoms should be used were 2.27 and 2.13 times as likely to intend to use them. Respondents who had talked about AIDS with friends, with their boyfriend/girlfriend or a schoolteacher or seen a picture or film of a PWA were, in comparison to those who had not engaged in these actions, 3.70, 2.33, 2.43 and 2.50 times as likely to definitely intend to use condoms. Those who were embarrassed to get condoms from a clinic, thought persons who use condoms are loose and or that the pleasure of unprotected sex was worth the risk of HIV were 3.87, 3.42 and 3.40 times as likely to intend to use condoms. Logistic regression identified belief in efficacy of condoms as the principal predictor of intended condom use.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A study of the deficiencies in the condom-use skills of gay men.

The use of condoms has been advocated as an important method of reducing the risk of AIDS for such people as gay men, prostitutes, IV drug users, adolescents, hemophiliacs, and others who may become infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes AIDS. Although AIDS risk-reduction programs have provided information on condoms, none has assessed baseline or followup skills in their use. Because most condom failures have been attributed to errors in use, promoters of condom use should determine whether they are used correctly among those persons targeted for education. A total of 219 gay men entering an AIDS risk-reduction program were asked to demonstrate the use of condoms on a model. All errors made during the demonstration were corrected, and participants were trained during the exercise in the proper use of condoms. More than 80 percent required correction in such things as opening the package, determining the outside of the condom, unrolling the condom to the base of the penis, and expressing air from the space at the tip of the penis. Although proper use of condoms may seem obvious, this small study demonstrates that it must be taught. Since instructions found in condom packaging frequently are not easily understood by potential users, explicit instructions for condom use are needed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

HIV risk difference between condom users and nonusers among U.S. heterosexual women.

Using data from the National Survey of Family Growth, we estimate that among 3,498,060 U.S. reproductive-age women least likely to be protected from HIV, 12% rely on condoms for birth control. We have modeled the risk difference between condom users and nonusers and projected the number of preventable and nonpreventable HIV infections likely to occur among the 419,201 condom users as a function of 50 HIV-incidence/relative risk assumptions. Results of the attributable-risk model suggest that at the current low HIV-incidence level in U.S. women, condom-user failure rates will be less than 1% per year, substantially lower than the 10% condom-user failure rate for pregnancy. As few as 1% but up to 11% of all new HIV cases may be prevented by the current low level of condom use, depending on the exact degree of condom effectiveness in this population at risk. However, the model further projects that up to 45% of all new HIV cases may be prevented if condoms are maximally effective and far more widely used. Women with seropositive partners may enjoy the same protective benefits of condoms, but the costs in terms of condom-user failures will be much higher than in the remainder of the population at risk. Among serious and reliable users, condom-user failure rates for HIV may approach those for pregnancy, but only in women who have known seropositive partners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[The nonoxynol content in condoms is insufficient to inhibit the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)].

The seven makes of condom which are marketed in Denmark were examined for the nonoxynol content with the object of assessing whether the content of nonoxynol in the condoms is sufficient to present HIV spread in connection with use of the condom and assessed in relation to the defects in effectivity (tearing, holes, overflow of semen, sliding off). Compared with the declared content of nonoxynol of 40 mg (100%) per condom, the following nonoxynol quantities could be demonstrated by methanol/water extraction and subsequent high-performance liquid chromatography: One make of condom contained 65%, two 50-55% and four 25-33%. The nonoxynol content was found to be evenly distributed between the outer and inner surface of the condoms. With a theoretical distribution volume of 6 ml (tearing during vaginal coitus), it was found that three of the makes of condoms examined did not achieve the HIV-inhibiting nonoxynol concentration of 0.05%, by means of measuring the quantity of nonoxynol on the distal 5 cm of the condoms. In anal sex, the distribution volume is greater resulting in lower nonoxynol concentrations and thus increased risk for HIV infection. It is concluded that the nonoxynol content in the condoms marketed in Denmark should be increased in order to inactivate HIV in case of condom failure.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

Condom use and acceptance: a survey of male Zimbabweans.

In addition to their traditional contraceptive role, condoms have moved to a crucial and central position in the strategy for prevention of sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). As a cure for AIDS remains out of sight, condom use, celibacy and extensive health education remain the immediate sole weapons for controlling HIV infection. A stratified cluster sampling design of 722 Zimbabwean men reported 35.7 percent ever use of condoms while only 4.9 percent reported current condom use. 32.4 percent had unprompted knowledge of condom use for contraception. Circumstances during which condoms were used are discussed. Asked if the men would use condoms if asked by either wife or partner, only 30.0 percent of men who had not previously used condoms indicated that they would. Reasons given by the 64 percent with no previous use of condoms are discussed. Health education to promote acceptance and use of condoms is proposed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Reasons for lack of condom use among high school students.

This exploratory qualitative study was undertaken to identify barriers to condom use among high school students in Natal. Phase 1, a group discussion, with 50 high school students of all races from 10 schools, revealed that 17 (34%) were sexually active, 8 (47%) of these had used a condom at least once, but none had used condoms in every sexual encounter. Phase 2 comprised 36 focus group discussions involving about 650 black high school students. These discussions confirmed the finding of phase 1 that high school students were not using condoms to any significant degree. In their opinion, condoms limited sexual pleasure, indicated a lack of trust in the partner's faithfulness, challenged the male ego, and were associated with sexually transmitted diseases. Their contraceptive properties were viewed with suspicion and considered undesirable by those teenagers who wished to prove their fertility. In addition, condom use was not sufficiently well understood and condoms were not accessible or available when required. We recommend that condom promotion strategies should include an adequate explanation of how condoms work and detailed information on their local availability. They should be available at a government-subsidised price through more accessible outlets; popular figures and recognised leaders should be encouraged to support anti-AIDS campaigns and condom use, particularly in the public media.

Adolescent↗