PubMed · 11638823
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C Becela-Deller. 1998. [Not Available].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11638823/
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It is widely agreed that the flowers of hermaphrodite plants evolve in response to selection acting simultaneously through male and female sexual functions, but we know very little about the pattern of gender-specific selection. We review three current hypotheses for gender-specific selection by viewing them within a single phenotypic selection framework. We compile data from phenotypic selection and manipulative studies and evaluate the fit between empirical data and the hypotheses. In this preliminary analysis, we find that neither the male-function hypothesis nor the gender-balance hypothesis is well supported. However, the context-dependence hypothesis is supported by the documented diversity of gender-specific selection and by evidence that selection through female fertility is significantly correlated with pollen limitation of seed production. Future studies contributing to our understanding of selection through male and female function in plants need to quantify and manipulate the ecological context for reproduction, as well as describe male and female fitness responses to fine-scale trait manipulation.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this article is to review the recent clinically relevant literature on testicular cancer. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies suggest that an increased incidence of testicular cancer is due to a birth-cohort effect and secondary to early exposure. Work on identifying tumor prognostic characteristics suggests that proliferation and apoptosis markers as well as serum lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 (S-LD-1) may have value. Poor-risk patients may benefit from intensive treatment despite a possible increased risk of significant toxicity and treatment related deaths. Studies continue to show the efficacy of radiation for stage I and stage II seminoma, but another study adds to the evidence that adjuvant carboplatin may be an acceptable alternative in stage I disease. Surgical studies suggest that even patients with minimal findings on computed tomography after chemotherapy are at risk for harboring vital tumor. Surveillance is shown to be an acceptable choice for highly compliant patients with early stage disease. Risk factors predictive of bleomycin pulmonary toxicity are proposed. Fertility remains an area of concern. SUMMARY: Testicular cancer research continues to modify current therapies, increase the understanding of the molecular basis of the disease, and improve the risk stratification of the patient population so as to minimize exposure to treatment-related morbidity and toxicity.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the practice patterns of Canadian urologists in the management of stage I testicular seminoma. METHODS: A survey was conducted with a three-page questionnaire among Canadian urologists between July and November 2002. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 48%. The total number of completed and partially completed questionnaires was 198 and 212, respectively. Ninety-four responders described their practice as university-affiliated teaching centre, while 118 reported community-based or private practice. All ordered CT abdomen/pelvis with either chest x-ray or CT scan of chest for staging investigation. Only 1% would order a lymphangiogram. About one third would not offer surveillance as a management option for stage I testicular seminoma. When asked to rank, in order of preference, three management options (surveillance, adjuvant radiotherapy, and adjuvant chemotherapy) under four different clinical scenarios varying in perceived relapse risk and the presence/absence of fertility preservation concern, the majority selected adjuvant radiotherapy as the treatment of choice for a patient with high relapse risk or no fertility concern. When a patient had desire to preserve fertility as well as low relapse risk, surveillance was chosen as the preferred management strategy. There was no significant response difference between academic and community urologists. CONCLUSION: There was some variation among Canadian urologists in the management of stage I testicular seminoma. The issue of fertility preservation and perceived relapse risk were important factors influencing management decisions. There was no significant difference between academic and community-based urologists with respect to patient volume and management approaches.