PubMed · 11276151
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2001. Stalking.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11276151/
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In the psychiatric literature, the phenomenon of the doppelganger or double is characterized into different types of delusional misidentification syndromes and heautoscopic symptoms. Specifically, we focus attention on heautoscopy, which might also be named "dissociative" after excluding an organic etiology. We report a case of heautoscopy in a woman and discuss the clinical variability of this psychopathological phenomenon. Furthermore, a short treatment of the historical and literary implications of this delusion is presented.
Patients with anterior limbic damage may present a distinct syndrome, spontaneous confabulation: they fail in common memory tests, act on the basis of previous habits rather than currently relevant memories, produce confabulations composed of elements of past true events, are disorientated, and are absolutely convinced about the veracity of their perceived reality. Spontaneous confabulation is independent of other false memories, such as, provoked confabulations or illusory recognition. Studies showed that spontaneous confabulators fail to suppress (inactivate) evoked memories that do not pertain to ongoing reality. Rehabilitation differs from other memory failures. Prognosis depends on the lesion site, but recovery is always associated with recovery of this suppression capacity. Lesions typically involve the posterior medial orbitofrontal cortex or its connections in the basal forebrain. Imaging and evoked potential studies in healthy subjects support the idea that the anterior limbic system provides a reality monitoring mechanism which selects memories of current relevance by suppressing (inactivating) currently irrelevant memories. This mechanism appears to adjust the cortical representation of activated memories before their content is recognised and consolidated. Comparison with animal studies suggests that human reality monitoring is a property of the brain's reward system.