PubMed · 10946488
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B Read. Halitosis research.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10946488/
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Hydroxyphenylureas are the first main metabolites formed in the environment from pesticide and biocide urea compounds. Because fungi release potent exocellular oxidases, we studied the ability of laccases produced by the white rot fungus, T. versicolor, to catalyze in vitro the transformation of five hydroxyphenylureas, to identify transformation pathways and mechanisms. Our results establish that the pH of the reaction has a strong influence on both the kinetics of the reaction and the nature of the transformation products. Structural characterization by spectroscopic methods (NMR, mass spectrometry) of eleven transformation products shows that laccase oxidizes the substrates to quinones or to polyaromatic oligomers. Slightly acidic conditions favor the formation of quinones as final transformation products. In contrast, at pH 5-6, the quinones further react with the remaining substrate in solution to give hetero-oligomers via carbon-carbon or carbon-oxygen bond formation. A reaction pathway is proposed for each of the identified products. These results demonstrate that fungal laccases could assist the transformation of hydroxyphenylureas.
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Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are known producers of cytotoxic, hepatotoxic, and neurotoxic compounds with severe acute and chronic effects on vertebrates. Successful removal of these toxins in drinking water treatment is therefore of importance for public health. In the present work the oxidation of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR) by chlorine dioxide (ClO2) was studied at natural microcystin concentrations (10 microg L(-1)) and normal ClO2 dosages (1 mg L(-1)) in the absence and presence of natural organic matter (NOM). ClO2 was found to be rapidly consumed by fulvic and humic acids, leaving less residual ClO2 to oxidize MC-LR. Predicted decrease rates in MC-LR concentration correlated highly with experimental data both in pure water and in the presence of NOM. Rate constants determined at high ClO2 and MC-LR concentrations in pure water could be used to predict the oxidation of MC-LR at natural concentrations. Toxicity tests with a protein phosphatase inhibition assay on reaction solutions and high-performance liquid chromatography fractions revealed that PP1 enzyme inhibition emerged only from intact MC-LR, while the oxidation products, dihydroxy isomers of MC-LR, were nontoxic even at unnaturally high concentrations.