PubMed · 10699799
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M W Kimball. 2000. Glutaraldehyde-based formulations.. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5107(00)70063-0
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The electrochemical treatment of phenolic wastewater in a continuous tubular reactor, constructed from a stainless steel tube with a cylindrical carbon anode at the centre, was investigated in this study, being first in literature. The effects of residence time on phenol removal was studied at 25 degrees C, 120 g l(-1) electrolyte concentration for 450 and 3100 mg l(-1) phenol feed concentrations with 61.4 and 54.7 mA cm(-2) current densities, respectively. The change in phenol concentration and pH of the reaction medium was monitored in every run and GC/MS analyses were performed to determine the fate of intermediate products formed during the electrochemical reaction in a specified batch run. During the electrolysis mono, di- and tri-substituted chlorinated phenol products were initially formed and consumed along with phenol thereafter mainly by polymerization mechanism. For 10 and 20 min of residence time phenol removal was 56% and 78%, respectively, with 450 mg l(-1) phenol feed concentration and above 40 min of residence time all phenol was consumed within the column. For 1, 1.5, 2 and 3h of residence time, phenol removal achieved was 42%, 71%, 81% and 98%, respectively, at 3100 mg l(-1) phenol feed concentration. It is noteworthy that more than 95% of the initial phenol was converted into a non-passivating polymer without hazardous end products in a comparatively fast and energy-efficient process, being a safe treatment.
The effects of relative humidity (40-90% RH) and varying glutaraldehyde vapour concentrations (< 0.1 ppm) on the response of an electrochemical fuel cell sensor have been investigated over time (0-400 s). These studies have identified changes in the response of the fuel cell with time after sampling. In particular, it has been found that the maximum cell output for water vapour occurs ca. 10 s after sampling whilst the response to glutaraldehyde occurs much later (> 100 s). For mixtures containing different ratios of water and glutaraldehyde vapours, the time taken to reach maximum fuel cell response varies between 10 and 100 s, depending on the ratio of the two vapours. For instance, glutaraldehyde vapour containing higher % RH has been found to result in shorter times to reach maximum fuel cell response. A comparison was made between measuring glutaraldehyde vapour concentrations in the presence of water vapour at the maximum fuel cell response and also at a fixed interval (240 s) after sampling. Such a comparison resulted in a reduction in the standard error from 36% to 5% for a glutaraldehyde vapour sample (0.023 ppm) measured at different values of relative humidity (40 to 80%). Examination of the effect of the sample volume (30-60 ml) on the response of the fuel cell shows, as expected, an approximate doubling of the fuel cell response. Optimisation of the fuel cell measurement parameters to measure a 60 ml sample leads to a lowering of the limit of detection from 0.083 ppm (for data taken at the maximum cell response) to 0.017 ppm for data measured 240 s after sampling. In the light of recent reductions in the legal limits for exposure to glutaraldehyde, this has important implications for the measurement of glutaraldehyde vapour in the workplace.