PubMed · 10021966
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J M Davies, C A Vincent. 1998. Single dose medication.. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03012405
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With the continued expansion of cultured fin and shellfish species, aquaculture has become a key component of the animal health industry. The ever-increasing demand for quality pharmaceutical and biological products, to combat bacterial and viral infections, calls for the development of modern formulations and novel drug delivery systems. The purpose of this paper is to provide a general overview of important fish pathogens, manifested fish diseases, and control methods. Currently available pharmaceutical and biological products are tabulated. Emphasis is placed on the extension of formulation and process technologies, commonly encountered in human pharmaceuticals, to the aquaculture arena. New research efforts in the area of novel vaccine delivery systems, i.e. enteric-coated beads and biodegradable microspheres, are also summarized.
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Membrane proteins are known to be solvated and functionally activated by a fixed number of lipid molecules whose multiple binding can be described by Adair-type binding equations. Lipophilic xenobiotics such as general anesthetics may act by competitive displacement of protein-bound lipids. A kinetic equation is now presented for various binding stoichiometries of lipid and xenobiotic, and microscopic binding constants of anesthetics and organic solvents are derived from two independent assay systems for the enhancement of agonist binding to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. These constants lead to the first available free energy estimate (-6.4 kcal/mol) for the binding of membrane lipid to an integral membrane protein.