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Biomedical subjects

Y K Joshi

Publications and source records attributed to Y K Joshi.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Animal transmission of enteric non-A, non-B hepatitis infection to Macaca mulatta by faeco-oral route.

M. mulatta monkeys were inoculated faeco-orally by enteric non-A, non-B virus to study the development of clinical, biochemical, histopathological and serological changes in the blood and liver. Pooled stool samples positive for putative non-A, non-B viral antigen by micro-ELISA and aggregated viral particles by immune electron microscopy, were administered in two M. mulatta monkeys. Biochemical, histopathological and serological changes were seen in the blood and liver and excretion of 27 nm virus like particles around 27 days of inoculation in the experimental monkey but not in the control animal.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Ultrasonography in portal hypertension: a sensitive noninvasive test to demonstrate portal-vascular anatomy.

The accuracy of ultrasonography (US) in delineating the portal vascular anatomy was assessed clinically by the clinician in 30 cases of portal hypertension due to noncirrhotic portal fibrosis and extra hepatic portal venous obstruction. Ultrasonography detected portal vein block in 19 and in 11 patients it was found to be patent. These ultrasonic diagnoses were confirmed by spleno-portovenography (SPV) in all, except in 2 cases due to technical failure. Ultrasononic assessment of the splenic vein was found to be accurate in 93.3% (28/30) of cases. SPV also had similar accuracy of splenic vein assessment when compared with the surgical findings. In one patient, intraperitoneal haemorrhage was encounted following SPV, necessitating emergency surgery. Thus, US was found to be as accurate as splenoportovenography in the assessment of portal vascular anatomy. The imaging technique is cheap, easy, safe, and can be repeated as often as necessary. It should be the procedure of choice in assessing the anatomy of portal vascular system.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Fibronectin in acute and subacute hepatic failure.

The mean plasma fibronectin (FN) concentrations in 30 patients with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) and in 10 patients with subacute hepatic failure (SAHF) were 111.2 +/- 70 and 123.5 +/- 46.5 micrograms/ml, respectively, significantly lower than that of normal controls (362.0 +/- 69.2 micrograms/ml) and patients with uncomplicated viral hepatitis (320 +/- 58.5 micrograms/ml) (p less than 0.001). Plasma FN levels showed significant negative correlation with serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase values in the FHF group (p less than 0.02) and with prothrombin time in the SAHF group (p less than 0.02). Serial estimation of plasma FN showed that failure of FN levels to rise despite fresh plasma infusions indicates poor prognosis in these patients. The reduced availability of FN may be responsible for the impaired Kupffer cell function and consequent increased susceptibility to endotoxemia and the bacterial infections seen in these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Role of immune serum globulin in post transfusion virus B infection.

Fifty four blood recipients were administered prophylactic immune serum globulin (31) or hepatitis B immune globulin (23) and followed up for six months. None of the patients developed either acute hepatitis B or HBsAg carrier state. However, 7 (14%) had anicteric self limiting non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. Twenty (40%) of the blood recipients developed anti-HBs during the follow up period suggesting either HBV exposure by subdetectable levels of HBsAg present either in blood or immunoglobulin preparation or due to passive transfer by administration of immunoglobulins.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

An enzyme-linked immunoassay for the possible detection of non-A, non-B viral antigen in patients with epidemic viral hepatitis.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been developed by using IgM antibodies from the acute stage as a source to capture the antigen in stools of patients with epidemic non-A, non-B (NANB) viral hepatitis. 29/69 (42.3%) of the patients and 3/9 (33.3%) contacts were positive for a suspected NANB viral antigen. However, only 1/27 (3.7%) of the negative controls drawn from amongst the patients with amoebiasis, giardiasis, hepatitis due to virus A and healthy individuals was positive for NANB antigen in the stool. The suspected NANB viral antigen was more frequently detected in stools collected between the 14th and 18th day of icteric hepatitis. The study suggests that IgM antibodies from patients with acute viral NANB hepatitis react with an antigen present in the stools of a high proportion of patients with epidemic NANB viral hepatitis. This serological test may be useful to establish the etiological diagnosis of non-A, non-B (fecal-oral) viral hepatitis. ELISA-positive stools contained 27 nm viral particles.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1987

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of IgG and IgM anti-idiotypes directed against anti-HBs molecules.

A simple and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed to detect circulating IgG and IgM anti-idiotypic antibodies directed against anti-HBs molecules using 96-well polyvinyl microtitre plates as the solid phase and HRPO-labelled goat anti-HBs as conjugate. Anti-idiotype reactions were observed in the supernatant portion after precipitation of immune complexes from sera with polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG). Both IgG and IgM with anti-idiotype activity were detected concurrently in HBsAg-positive sera from HBV-infected patients and asymptomatic HBV carriers. Anti-idiotype activity was absent in HBsAg-negative sera from healthy persons, and in patients with non-A, non-B hepatitis and viral hepatitis A. However, such antibodies could be demonstrated in the sera of two out of eight HBsAg vaccine recipients negative for anti-HBs but in none of 11 recipients positive for anti-HBs after receiving a booster immunising dose of HBsAg vaccine. Those sera showing positive anti-idiotype reactions were free from rheumatoid factor and HBsAg/IgM or HBsAg/IgG complex activity. An analysis of anti-idiotype positive sera for anti-HBs, HBeAg and HBV-specific DNA-polymerase activity demonstrated these markers in 20%, 30% and 60% of cases, respectively. The presence of anti-idiotypic antibodies was presumed to permit a more active multiplication of hepatitis B virus.

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic↗
PubMed1987

Studies on HBsAg binding with polymerised human serum albumin by ELISA.

A simple and sensitive ELISA was developed to characterize the interaction between polymerised human serum albumin (pHSA) and HBsAg, using pHSA-coated polyvinylmicrotitre plates as solid phase and anti-HBs-coupled HRPO as the conjugate. The interaction was found to be specific and dependent on the size of albumin polymer. pHSA-binding activity (pHSA-BA) was studied in both HBsAg-negative and HBsAg-positive sera from various liver diseases including acute viral hepatitis, fulminant hepatitis, cirrhosis of liver, chronic active hepatitis, and healthy HBsAg carriers. pHSA-BA was detected only in HBsAg-positive sera. Analysis of HBsAg-positive sera indicated pHSA-BA in high proportions of patients sera as compared to sera from healthy HBsAg carriers. pHSA-BA was detected both in the presence and absence of HBe markers, though the mean BA was relatively high in presence of HBeAg. The effect of human serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM) on the BA was investigated and a correlation between pHSA-BA and HBsAg-IgM complex positivity in sera was established. Finally, the probable role of human serum IgM in facilitating the binding process was discussed.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗
PubMed1986

Acute liver failure. Experience with 145 patients.

Acute liver failure (ALF) is an uncommon but serious disease still carrying a high mortality. This report describes one of the largest series of cases of acute failure, managed on a simple intensive supportive therapeutic regimen. One hundred fifty-eight patients with ALF were admitted to the Rajgarhia Liver Unit of the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) during the period July 1976 to December 1981. Data from 145 were completed and analyzed for this report. Of the patients, 85.4% were below the age of 40 years. The female-to-male ratio was 1.3:1. Of the 77 women in the reproductive age group, 59.7% were pregnant. All cases of ALF were secondary to viral hepatitis. Cerebral edema, bleeding, infection, and renal failure were seen in 57.2, 57.2, 39.3, and 16.5% of patients, respectively. Overall survival was 28.9% of patients. It was 33% below the age of 40 years and only 4.8% above this age. Pregnancy did not adversely affect the prognosis. Survival was related to grade of coma, being 22.8% for patients in Grade IV coma and 62% for patients in Grade I coma. In fatal cases the immediate complications resulting in death were cerebral edema (63%), bleeding (30%), renal failure (10.6%), and infection (8.7%). Presence of HBsAg, a serum bilirubin of over 20 mg%, and serum sodium less that 119 mEq/liter were indicators of poor prognosis. A simple, intensive, support therapy yielded results comparable to those reported by centers using a variety of complex therapeutic regimens.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1986

Acute hepatic failure due to Plasmodium falciparum liver injury.

Nine patients with acute liver failure due to Plasmodium falciparum liver injury admitted to the Rajgarhia Liver Unit of the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences during 1982-84 are presented. The liver was palpable in all the patients, and eight had splenomegaly. Investigations revealed mild to moderate abnormality in liver function tests. All were negative for the markers of acute infection due to hepatitis A and B viruses. Blood film examination showed P. falciparum alone in seven and along with P. vivax in the remaining two patients. Liver histology, which was identical in all eight patients where liver biopsy was done, showed centrizonal necrosis and hyperplastic Kupffer cells loaded with malarial pigment. All the patients recovered with specific anti-malarial and supportive treatment. Our observations suggest that malaria due to P. falciparum may present as jaundice and encephalopathy which stimulates acute hepatic failure due to fulminant hepatitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

Hepatitis virus non-A, non-B: the cause of a major public health problem in India.

Serological studies of hepatitis viruses A and B were carried out on 362 patients with acute viral hepatitis, 130 with fulminant hepatitis, and 56 with subacute hepatitis, and on samples of serum from 230 subjects during epidemics of viral hepatitis. A diagnosis of non-A, non-B viral hepatitis was made when serological tests showed that anti-HAV IgM and anti-HBc IgM were absent. Hepatitis virus non-A, non-B was the causative agent responsible for 58% of cases with acute viral hepatitis, 58% with fulminant hepatitis, 87% with subacute hepatitis, and 66% with epidemic hepatitis. A considerable proportion of patients (6-32%) were infected with both hepatitis virus non-A, non-B and hepatitis virus B. Viral hepatitis non-A, non-B is probably transmitted by infection of drinking-water and is the principal cause of hepatitis in India.

Antigens, Viral↗