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Biomedical subjects

X Jiang

Publications and source records attributed to X Jiang.

460 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

The economic law of population distribution and migration.

"The economic law of population distribution and migration has been studied chiefly based on the Chinese situation. The distribution and development of productive forces decide the distribution and migration of population, and in turn, the latter influences the former. The population distributions in three different stages of social development, namely agricultural, industrial and information society, are described. A new concept in population economics is introduced, i.e. population economic density, which is different from the concept of population density. The formula of population economic density is P(population)/R(resources). Many kinds of migration are analysed, and it is believed that the main efficient cause of migration is economy."

Asia↗
PubMed1988

Detection of hepatitis A virus in estuarine samples by gene probe assay.

The development and use of gene probe assays for rapid, sensitive and specific detection of hepatitis A virus in natural estuarine settings are described. Potentially health hazardous water-borne dissemination of hepatitis A virus was detected by dot hybridization in sewage-polluted estuarine, bayou and lake waters of coastal Texas.

DNA Probes↗
PubMed1987

Detection of hepatitis A virus by hybridization with single-stranded RNA probes.

An improved method of dot-blot hybridization to detect hepatitis A virus (HAV) was developed with single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) probes. Radioactive and nonradioactive ssRNA probes were generated by in vitro transcription of HAV templates inserted into the plasmid pGEM-1. 32P-labeled ssRNA probes were at least eightfold more sensitive than the 32P-labeled double-stranded cDNA counterparts, whereas biotin-labeled ssRNA probes showed a sensitivity comparable with that of the 32P-labeled double-stranded cDNA counterparts. Hybridization of HAV with the ssRNA probes at high stringency revealed specific reactions with a high signal-to-noise ratio. The differential hybridization reactions seen with probes of positive and negative sense (compared with HAV genomic RNA) were used to detect HAV in clinical and field samples. A positive/negative ratio was introduced as an indicator that permitted a semiquantitative expression of a positive HAV reaction. Good agreement of this indicator was observed with normal stool samples and with HAV-seeded samples. By using this system, HAV was detected in estuarine and freshwater samples collected from a sewage-polluted bayou in Houston and a saltwater tributary of Galveston Bay.

Child↗
PubMed1986

Detection of hepatitis A virus in seeded estuarine samples by hybridization with cDNA probes.

The development and trials of a nucleic acid hybridization test for the detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in estuarine samples within 48 h are described. Approximately 10(4) physical particles of HAV per dot could be detected. Test sensitivity was optimized by the consideration of hybridization stringency, 32P energy level, probe concentration, and nucleic acid binding to filters. Test specificity was shown by a lack of cross-hybridization with other enteroviruses and unrelated nucleic acids. Potential false-positive reactions between bacterial DNA in samples and residual vector DNA contamination of purified nucleotide sequences in probes were eliminated by DNase treatment of samples. Humic acid at concentrations of up to 100 mg/liter caused only insignificant decreases in test sensitivity. Interference with hybridization by organic components of virus-containing eluates was removed by proteinase K digestion followed by phenol extraction and ethanol precipitation. The test is suitable for detecting naturally occurring HAV in samples from polluted estuarine environments.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Participation of Survivin in mitotic and apoptotic activities of normal and tumor-derived cells.

Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) gene family, containing a single baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) and no RING finger, that is expressed in many human cancers. Although it has been proposed to be involved in mitotic and cytokinetic processes, its functional subcellular distribution in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and its binding to centrosomes, spindle fibers, and centromeres in relation to these processes, is not fully resolved. We have analyzed the localization of Survivin in normal (Detroit 551, IMR-90) and tumor-derived (HeLa, Saos-2) cell lines, and found that it does colocalize with centrosomes in the cytoplasm during interphase, then moves to centromeres during mitosis, and finally localizes to the midbody spindle fibers during telophase. However, Taxol, a popular microtubule stabilizing agent that is frequently used in the study of these processes, severely disrupted the localization of Survivin. Taxol treatment of cells promoted extensive relocalization of Survivin with alpha-tubulin on microtubules during either interphase or mitosis. Survivin antisense oligonucleotide markedly sensitized HeLa cells to cell death induced by agents acting at the level of cell surface receptor (Fas pathway) or at the level of mitochondria (etoposide). HeLa cell death induced by Survivin antisense oligonucleotide could be partially complemented by Deterin, the Drosophila homolog of Survivin (Jones et al. [2000] J. Biol. Chem. 275:22157-22166). Reciprocally, a chimera of the Deterin BIR domain and Survivin C-terminus could rescue Drosophila Kc cells from death induced by transfection of a human caspase-7-expressing plasmid. These results indicate common components of Survivin and Deterin antiapoptotic action in the vertebrate and invertebrate phyla.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Low energy loss electron microscopy of chromophores.

A novel prism-mirror-prism imaging electron spectrometer with 1 eV energy resolution for a transmission electron microscope permits imaging with spectral energies corresponding to light-optical colour absorptions. The instrument selects the molecular orbital excitations of natural chromophores or of specific dyes normally used in biological light microscopy for delineation and chemical identification, but images them with electron microscopic detail. Heavy atom contrast agents customarily used in electron microscopy are not required. The first results exploit the intrinsic red colour of hematin molecules to demonstrate the potential of the technique and address its spatial resolution. Glycosaminoglycans in cartilage stained with Alcian blue are selectively depicted in situ by means of the electron-induced molecular absorption of this chromophore. Thus, with the use of specific colours the direct or indirect analysis of local chemistry by electron microscopy is possible, and can be carried out with a depiction of spatial detail as small as 16 A, or at least 100-fold finer than observed by light microscopy.

Alcian Blue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rifampicin polylactic acid microspheres for lung targeting.

Rifampicin polylactic acid microspheres for lung targeting were prepared by a modified emulsion-solvent diffusion method. The microspheres were free flowing, spherical with regular surface. Drug content, particle size distribution and in vitro release properties of the prepared microspheres were evaluated. In vivo experiments on rabbits showed remarkable accumulation of microspheres in the lung.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of acid aerosol exposure on the surface properties of airway mucus.

It was hypothesized that the mucous layer lining the tracheas of rats and guinea pigs contains surfactant material capable of lowering the air/mucus surface tension, gamma, and that exposure to an irritant aerosol would raise the gamma. The gamma of the surface film was measured directly by a spreading droplet technique and indirectly by displacement of polymethyl methacrylate particles into the aqueous layer. The morphology of the mucous film was examined by electron microscopy after nonaqueous fixation. gamma was 33.3 +/- 0.70 (SE) mN/m and 32.3 +/- 0.68 (SE) mN/m for the normal rat and guinea pig trachea, respectively. Exposure for 4 h to aerosols of sulfuric acid (94.1 +/- 18.68 (SD) and 43.3 +/- 4.57 (SD) mg/m3) caused a several-fold increase in thickness of the mucous layer with exudation of protein-like material. The osmiophilic surfactant film at the air/mucus interface became irregularly thickened and multilayered. Despite these morphological changes gamma remained low, 33.2 +/- 0.43 (SE) mN/m and 32.6 +/- 0.60 (SE) mN/m for rats and guinea pigs, respectively, and displacement of particles into the subphase was not compromised. The results indicate that rodent tracheas are able to maintain a low surface tension in the presence of injury.

Aerosols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Doxorubicin-gallium-transferrin conjugate overcomes multidrug resistance: evidence for drug accumulation in the nucleus of drug resistant MCF-7/ADR cells.

Development of multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells decreases net doxorubicin (ADR) uptake as a result of increased efflux, increased intracellular sequestration, and decreased membrane permeability. In this study, we investigated whether conjugation of ADR to transferrin (Tf) could overcome MDR in breast cancer cells. The multidrug resistant MCF-7/ADR breast cancer cell line was over 1000-fold more resistant to ADR, than its parental MCF-7 cell line, as determined by 3[H]-thymidine assay. The MCF-7/ADR cell line also expressed both MDR1 and MRP genes, as detected by RT-PCR. The ADR was coupled using a glutaraldehyde technique to human transferrin saturated with either ferric chloride (Fe-Tf) or gallium nitrate (Ga-Tf). These conjugates were tested for cytotoxicity on both MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells after 6 days of incubation. The doxorubicin-gallium-transferrin conjugate (ADR-Ga-Tf) exhibited approximately the same inhibitory effect as ADR on MCF-7 cells with IC50s of 2.34 x 10(-3) microM and 1.42 x 10(-3) microM, respectively. However in MCF-7/ADR cells ADR-Ga-Tf reversed resistance to free ADR and decreased 100-fold the IC50 from 8.98 microM with free ADR to 9.52 x 10(-2) microM. ADR-Fe-Tf was 10-fold more inhibitory to MCF-7/ADR cells than free ADR. Compared to Ga-Tf, ADR-Ga-Tf was 500- and 3000-fold more inhibitory to MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells, respectively. These results demonstrated that ADR-Ga-Tf reverses resistance to free ADR and Ga-Tf in MCF-7/ADR cells. The distribution of ADR in both cell lines was examined by fluorescence microscopy. It was noted that ADR mainly accumulated in the cytoplasm around the nucleus in MCF-7/ADR cells, but in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of MCF-7 cells. However the conjugate of ADR-Ga-Tf allowed ADR to accumulate in the cytoplasm and nucleus of both the MCF-7/ADR and MCF-7 cells. Further investigation of MDR1 and MRP genes expression by RT-PCR demonstrated that Ga-Tf decreased expression of the MRP more than the MDR1 gene. Therefore the reversal of resistance to ADR by the ADR-Ga-Tf conjugate is mediated by the transferrin receptor transmembrane transport mechanism, redistribution of ADR into the nucleus of ADR resistant MCF-7/ADR cells and inhibition of MRP gene expression.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Mem↗