Gynaecologists' attitudes to abortion.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to W Savage.
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The knowledge and estimated retrospective use of postcoital contraception was ascertained from health professionals in Tower Hamlets in the summer of 1988 using a postal questionnaire. Eighty five per cent of general practitioners responded and 91% of these had received requests for postcoital contraception within the previous six months. Only one third of general practitioners had information about postcoital contraception available in their surgeries. Family planning doctors and nurses had the most accurate knowledge of the method but many health professionals appeared to lack sufficient knowledge to ensure appropriate prescribing and to publicize this method to their women patients. It is concluded that if the high rate of abortion in the borough is to be reduced, health professionals as well as women need to be further educated as part of a postcoital contraception publicity campaign. Use of the term 'emergency contraception' rather than the non-medical term 'the morning after pill' may be more effective and reduce the present confusion among both groups.
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A survey of the knowledge of and attitudes towards cervical cytology screening in various locations in Tower Hamlets showed that 77 per cent of women in the sample reported that they had a smear test, and 86 per cent knew about them, although a small group of active elderly were unlikely to know much about the test or to have had one. Only 11 per cent of the 600 women under 65 understood that cervical cytology was to prevent cancer, whereas 71 per cent thought that it was to detect cancer. Of the 205 women who recalled their experience of the test, all had some difficulty. Two-thirds were embarrassed, and 54 per cent had pain or discomfort, which included all those women who did not feel embarrassed. Forty-three per cent had been informed of the result of their tests and about one-quarter of those took steps to get the result. Seventy-one per cent of the women had had their first test done before the age of 35, but only 9 per cent after the age of 45. A quarter of those screened had only had one test done. The women considered that more publicity about the test, the knowledge that a woman doctor would do the test, and more encouragement by health professionals would be improvements most likely to increase the uptake of screening. The possibility of a service offering immediate results should be explored by means of a pilot study.
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Axoglial contacts were observed in an ultrastructural study of the area postrema of the cat. According to the disposition of the electron-dense projections attached to the adjoining membranes these contacts were classified as symmetrical or asymmetrical. The axon profiles contained aggregations of clear vesicles randomly distributed or grouped in cluster adjacent to the electron-dense projections. Dense core vesicles were occasionally seen. The neuroglial profiles were either astrocytic or ependymoglial in nature. The astrocytes showed a clear cytoplasm, polymorphous vesicles, mitochondria, glycogen granules, and bundles of filaments. The ependymal cells, in contrast, had a more electron-dense and granular appearance, tubular structures, irregular vesicular formations, profiles of smooth reticuloendoplasm, and filaments grouped in bundles or isolated in the cytoplasm. The possibility that these contacts might play a role in the chemical transfer from neurons to glial cells is discussed on the basis of existing biochemical data.
THE STUDY COMPARED TWO SCHEMES OF BOOKING FOR ANTENATAL CARE: booking at a health centre by general practitioners in conjunction with a hospital consultant or booking in a hospital clinic by hospital staff. the health centre scheme reduced the proportion of women booking late at 16 or more weeks gestation from 44% to 11% and at 20 weeks or more from 28% to 6%. There was no improvement in delay in booking owing to late confirmation of pregnancy. The benefits of this scheme were due to improved attendance and reduced delays in booking among women who confirmed pregnancy before 16 weeks gestation.
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The case histories of all women seeking late (more than 20 weeks' gestation) abortion in the NHS district of Tower Hamlets in 1983 were assessed. Of 12 women requesting late abortion, seven underwent termination of pregnancy. All the women had severe social or psychological problems, or both. The main reasons for late presentation were denial of pregnancy, youth, and mental disorder. In a small group of atypical women late abortion seems to be justified for reasons other than fetal abnormality.
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This paper analyzes four areas in which reproductive freedom is being denied to women. The first area involves the use of sterilization without adequate counseling as to the risk of reversibility of the method or when it is made a precondition for performing an abortion. The second concerns the sterilization technique chosen, especially in developing countries, and the failure of international population agencies to note the higher complication rates of certain procedures. The third involves the inadequate information provided to women about the side-effects of the controversial injectable contraceptive, Depo-Provera. The fourth area concerns the unethical marketing of the Dalkon Shield device. It is concluded that physicians have a responsibility to avoid allowing authoritarian attitudes or racial, class, or sex prejudices to influence their treatment of women.