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Biomedical subjects

W Maier

Publications and source records attributed to W Maier.

At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

[Consideration of modern demographic questions (author's transl)].

It is assumed that the decrease in the birth rate can be checked or that an increase in births can be stimulated by models or value judgements. On the basis of articles reflecting the official demographic opinion published by the Federal Office for Statistics, an attempt was made to reflect the intellectual foundation for such views. With the help of population statistics and model computations as well as vaguely intimated ideologies, changes in procreative activity considered necessary could be induced. The investigation concluded with the question of whether the detachment of procreative activity in highly industrialized, capitalistic countries with their specialized instruments, technologies, and institutions can be attributed to economic factors.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1978

[The desire to have children (author's transl)].

During the past fourtytwo years the birth statistics of Bavaria show that the percentage of intramarital first children increased from 1/3 to 1/2 of all children born within marriages. The percentage of the marital second born children increased relatively less from 25% in 1935 to around 30% in 1977. During the same time the percentage of third and fourth children decreased from 38,8% to 19,2% by approxiamately 1/2. For some time now close correlation exists between economic competition and achievement stress and social, sexual, and generative behaviour. Not the modern contraceptives are responsible for the random and sensitive characteristics of the desire for children in couples since contraceptives only increase the planning of children but the vagaries of the future expectations in a dubious economic and social system are responsible.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1977

Lysergylpeptides in the course of peptide ergot alkaloid formation.

Radioactive d-lysergyl-Val-Leu-OMe, d-lysergyl-Val-Val-OMe and d-lysergyl-Val-Val-Pro-OMe were synthetized according to the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/1-hydroxybenzotriazole procedure. These compounds are not used by intact mycelium of Claviceps as immediate precursors for cyclolalkaloid biosynthesis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1977

[Is population politics possible (author's transl)].

Population politics by the state is discussed. Forcible population politics by the state is condemned. The state is based on law and order. Free consent of the individual is necessary for population politics of the state.

Ethics↗
PubMed1977

[The problem of economic and population development (author's transl)].

The question is raised whether the apparent complexity and differentiation excludes chance. Generally a chance occurrence is without prior determination. The laws established by economics and demography with mathematical methods are therefore not capable to determine all facts because of their hypothetical arrangement. Reality can only be expressed in a categorical judgment. It is possible to arrive from hypothetical judgments--when there is A so there is B to an existence of a categorical B. Any theory of economic balance and any calculation in a demographic model to arrive at a balanced population development are methods which correlate facts with facts and allow conclusions when the correlation is actually existent. However, no conclusion as to the idea of determination of the generative behavior by economic production can be arrived at. Revorsely the conclusion that sociologie developments and generative behavior are completely independant of economic production is not possible. Hypothetical type of thinking in a model does not exclude chance and each fact has an element of chance in it. This appears to be a heuristic circle. Noncircular conclusions for the practice of life in order to advise, decide and act, do not exist without assumptions and without value judgments. In order to influence the development of the population continued scientific reflection, observation and argumentation is necessary. Correct technical functioning is translated into social realms. New reflections and interpretations are constantly required.

Economics↗
PubMed1977

[Population problems of the present (author's transl)].

At present objective predications on the trend of the population development at give economic and social conditions are very difficult since neither the axiom to report the facts correctly nor the axiom of neutrality in reporting determine what should or should not be included into the description of a situation. Common expressions such as population politics, marriage fatigue, contraction of the birth rate, generative behavior, contraception, termination of pregnancies, birth corntol capitalist economic order are loaded with emotions and can therefore not be considered to be neutral determinants in the description. In the field of demography and sociology no exact methodology and theory comparable to the natural sciences is existent. The solution to the described problem is probably linked to the question whether increasing technology and increasing intricacy of the organizations and increasing productions are compatable with the improvement of individual life expression. Temporarily attention is diverted by theoretical fashion trends, however old interest in finding the truth is not eliminated and the realization that the wish for a scientific solution is not within the realm of possibility, leads to resignation. Clarification of the basic factors requires a lot of individual thought. Demography and sociology are in danger when the demographer and sociologic identify with a certain economic or sociologic system, since this threatens to eliminate logical thought. Divergent opinions are given factors in any demographic or sociologic problem and must be accepted although they should always be criticized.

Demography↗
PubMed1976

[Aspects to birth control (author's transl)].

From 1964, the year with the highest new born rate since 1945, until 1972, the number of births in the BRD was reduced for 34%. Simultaneously, the birth rate of women between 20 and 30 years was decreased for a third. Presently, the average age of half of the women who deliver their first or second child is over 30 years. While on the one hand there are investigations on the practical experiences which are hidden behind the obvious "one child effect", it would be, on the other hand, dangerous, to lay out a demographic "production policy" which shows no interest in economy. In birth-control, biotic-private individual foundations are variable elements; social values, however, are non individual objectives [corrected] with temporal relatively great constancy. The splitting of these elements is, in the 20th century, tracing back with violent actuality to the original big line of Malthus and Darwin, which is to maintain sufficient scope for nourishment and reproduction to the human world with its vegetable and animal life. This concerns industrial and development countries as well. The challenge is to line out acceptable ideas for the solution of the Circulus vitiosus, based on statistical data, on socio-philosophic understandings which have to be worked out yet and on common sense.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

[The decrease in the number of marriages (author's transl)].

Demographers adhere to the thesis that the increasing or decreasing incidence of marriage shows a statistical link to the existing number of males and females in the age group for marriage. For several years now it can be observed that this thesis requires revision. The number of marriages especially the number of marriages in those age groups in which the highest number of men and women absolutely and relatively get married decreases continually. At the same time the number of males and females in these groups increases. This development is a sign of an incipient disconnection of marriage from demographic data such as the number of persons in the age group for marriage and a disconnection for social and economic factors. Causes of this development are primarily the improvement of general education and the liberalization of sexual behavior. The traditional philosophy that all sexual intercourse should serve potential procreation is fading. The low rate of marriages and the low birth rate are signs of this development. Modern contraceptive methods facilitate this development of mature and autonomous persons but also opens a new complex area of new material and philosophical difficulties apart from the legal position of marriage for the protection of the partners and their offspring and for the social stability of their relationships.

Contraception↗
PubMed1976

[Experimental studies on the effect of the combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprim on the Toxoplasma infection of the mouse (author's transl)].

Albino mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii (virulent strain BK) were treated for 20 days with a combination of N1-[4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl]-sulfanilamide (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim) in the ratio of 5:1 (trial preparation CN 3123; Nevin, Supristol). By the suitable dosage the mortality rate could be reduced considerably. In contrast to the untreated controls no antibodies were formed. No cysts could be detected in the brains of treated animals. Compared with the combination of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole the combination of trimethoprim/sulfamoxole showed a slightly better effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Religion and size of family (author's transl)].

In the present economic society with its production patterns, religion slowly looses its influence on the size of the family. The vital statistics from 1973 to 1975 in Bavaria were reviewed regarding the birth registry in correlation to the religion of the marriage partners and to the birth rate was obvious not only in mixed marriages but also in marriages of the same religion. This development was especially apparent in marriages of less than 2 years duration. Exceptions were marriages in which one of the 2 christian religions, Roman Catholic or Protestant. In these cases, one marriage partner was usually not a German citizen. Different religions, value systems, different ethical values and ethnic considerations were of importance. In industrial societies, technology and economics are the dominant factors influencing human reproduction. This opens a large field for investigation by demographers, sociologists, psychologists, and physicians.

Family Planning Services↗
PubMed1975

Preoperative bone scans. Use in women with early breast cancer.

Strontium nitrate Sr 87m bone scans were made preoperatively in a group of women with suspected breast cancer, 35 of whom subsequently underwent radical mastectomy. In 3 of the 35 (9%), the scans were abnormal despite the absence of clinical or roentgenographic evidence of metastatic disease. All three patients has extensive axillary lymph node involvement by tumor, and went on to have additional bone metastases, from which one died. Roentgenograms failed to detect the metastases in all three. Occult bone metastases account in part for the failure of radical mastectomy to cure some patients with breast cancer. It is recommended that all candidates for radical mastectomy have a preoperative bone scan.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Statistics--a panacea? (author's transl)].

The fundamentals of statistics and the limitations of statistics are discussed from their practical and philosophical aspects. In summary results based on statistical methods should be reviewed again and again and corrected if necessary and one should not disregard results which have already been obtained by other basic sciences. In a given goal and the related expectations and opinions it is erroneous to rely completely on the results of a statistical and mathematical calculation. A definitive border between secure knowledge and mere opinion cannot be obtained. Only degrees of certainty exist. The problems of the calculation methods for the perinatal mortality of newborns and their practical conclusions and the question of the relationship between income and number of offspring are used to show that statistical and mathematical methods have their value but cannot be a goal in themselves. It is dangerous to persist in the uncritical belief that each number is equivalent to absolute truth as long as it recorded accurately enough. The ancillary science of statistics does not furnish a general comprehension of the subject matter in natural sciences and the humanities.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1975

[Dynamic of demographic economic developments (author's transl)].

Present and predicted demographic and economic developments demonstrate a close interrelation between population and the economy. In the course of a few years the population structure of highly industrialized societies such as the German Federal Republic has changed, due to declining birth-rate, negative birth/death-rate ratio and an influx of foreign workers; many problems and contradictions result therefrom. One is bound to conclude that traditional population theories have been overtaken by practice and that only the present and the future count in promoting the evolution of society. The problem is to bring about an equilibrium between the widely varying increases in production rates in different branches of industry, population trends and the standard of living. Decreases in population and endogenous mortality are reflected in national investment policies, capital distribution within a generation and statutory provisions. Conversely, marriage, fertility and mortality exercise and influence on investment, justice and morality. It has not yet been proven whether, in view of the behavior of one generation, a chance of generation results in a new situation. Certainly, selective adaption processes are operative between population and economic trends. To cope with these processes, a maximum of motivation is essential.

Birth Rate↗