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Biomedical subjects

W C Shaw

Publications and source records attributed to W C Shaw.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Prevalence of plaque, gingivitis and caries in 11-12-year-old children in South Wales.

The overall eruption and dental disease status of a group of 1015 11-12-yr-old schoolchildren in South Wales is presented. The mean number of teeth erupted was 21.8 with a distribution pattern reflecting continuing eruption of teeth at this age. Almost equal numbers of contralateral and opposing tooth types were present with exceptions including maxillary canines and lateral incisors. DMFT, DMFS, and DFS scores were consistent with other recent studies. The mean plaque score was 2.44 and showed a normal distribution for the group. All children had gingivitis at one or more sites as evidenced by bleeding on probing, and again the distribution pattern was a normal one. The mean pocketing was 1.24 mm and there was little clinical evidence of chronic periodontitis. As expected, plaque and gingivitis showed a very high and significant correlation, with plaque and pocketing and gingivitis and pocketing having lower correlation coefficients which were nevertheless highly significant.

Child↗
PubMed1985

The validity and reliability of ratings of dental and facial attractiveness for epidemiologic use.

A method to obtain indices of dental and facial attractiveness for epidemiologic survey work has been evaluated. A two-person panel was constituted to make ratings of photographic records under standardized conditions by means of a visual analogue recording scale. The method proved to be convenient and rapid in operation and its validity was upheld. Good reliability was established and there is scope for further improvement by increasing the size of the panel.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The influence of dentofacial appearance on the social attractiveness of young adults.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether the social attractiveness of a young adult would be influenced by his or her dentofacial appearance. Black and white photographs of an attractive male, an unattractive male, an attractive female, and an unattractive female were obtained and modified so that, for each face, five different photographic versions were available. In each version, the face was standardized except that a different dentofacial arrangement was demonstrated. These were normal incisors, prominent incisors, absence of upper left lateral incisor, severely crowded incisors, and unilateral cleft lip. Eight hundred young adults were shown one of the twenty photographs and asked to estimate the represented individual's social characteristics along a number of bipolar scales. Each photograph was viewed by a different group of forty young adults, equally divided as to sex. Their impressions of the depicted individuals' social attractiveness were recorded on visual analogue scales. The experimental procedure was such that the effect and interaction of different levels of facial attractiveness, different dentofacial arrangements, sex of the photographed individual, and sex of the judge could be analyzed. Faces displaying a normal incisor relationship gained the most favorable ratings for eight of the ten characteristics examined, and in four of these differences across the range of dental conditions were statistically significant. These were perceived friendliness, social class, popularity, and intelligence. The prominent incisor condition was rated highest for compliance and honesty, while the condition representing a unilateral cleft consistently attracted low ratings. Background facial attractiveness of either the male or female stimuli was often more assertive than the individual dental condition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1984

A comparison of attitudes toward orthodontic treatment in British and American communities.

Utilization of orthodontic services may be influenced as much by the social and cultural setting as by objective criteria. The public's assessment of dental irregularity and its perceptions of the psychosocial implications of malocclusion may be critical factors in the utilization of available services. To test these assumptions, two communities with historic differences in the availability and utilization of orthodontic services were selected as survey sites (Lexington, Kentucky, and Cardiff, Wales). Three-hundred eighty-five sixth grade children (11 to 12 years of age) and 123 of their parents were interviewed concerning dental esthetics, treatment need, and knowledge about, attitudes toward, and value placed on orthodontic treatment. Although the Lexington respondents had greater personal and indirect knowledge about such services, they did not have more positive perceptions about treatment; nor did they value straight teeth more highly. There were no significant differences between the groups' judgement of dental esthetics or assessment of treatment need. The differences in utilization of services in the two communities could not be explained in terms of differences in attitude toward malocclusion and orthodontic treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Reproducibility of an index for recording the alignment of individual teeth.

In order that relationships between dental irregularities and the caries and periodontal status of individual teeth can be examined, the STRAIT index (standardized technique for recording the alignment of individual teeth) was developed. Tooth position scores representing vertical relationship, rotation, mesio-distal inclination, displacement and radial relationship are recorded using three- or five-category scales. Contact point scores representing bucco-lingual and mesio-distal relationships are measured directly. These characteristics are recorded for each tooth in the dentition, together with overjet and overbite measures for maxillary incisors and canines. Repeat measurement of 50 sets of models was undertaken by two examiners in order to assess intra-and interreproducibility of the index. A formula for adjusted agreement was employed for analysis of the categorized variables, and reproducibility was typically 80 per cent or better. Analysis of the reproducibility of the continuous variables was based on calculation of root mean square values of the difference between data sets and t-tests. In the main, intra- and interreproducibility was within 0.5 mm. These levels of accuracy meet the requirements of the index and it has since been used in an investigation of 1000 subjects.

Dental Arch↗
PubMed1982

Influence of children's dentofacial appearance on teacher expectations.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether the presence of dentofacial anomaly in a child would unfavourably bias a schoolteacher's expectations of the child's scholastic potential, social relationships or personality. Black and white portrait photographs of an attractive boy and girl and an unattractive boy and girl were obtained and modified so that for each face, five different photographic versions were available. In each version, the child's face was standardized except that a different dentofacial arrangement was demonstrated. These were normal incisors, prominent incisors, missing lateral incisor, severely crowded incisors and unilateral cleft lip. Each photograph was attached to a school record card which presented a standardized educational history of an average pupil. The record cards were evaluated by 320 schoolteachers, uninformed as to the true nature of the investigation, and their assessments recorded on a questionnaire. The experimental procedure was such that the effect and interaction of different levels of facial attractiveness, different dentofacial arrangements, sex of photographed child, and sex of teacher could be analysed. The hypothesis, that children's faces with a normal dental appearance or high background facial attractiveness would gain preferential bias in teacher expectations, was not supported.

Achievement↗
PubMed1982

The effect of orthodontic appliances on the distribution of Candida and plaque in adolescents.

The site prevalence and intra-oral density of Candidal organisms may be increased by local factors including prostheses. However, whether significant changes in Candidal carriage occurs with denture wearing is not clearly established. This study employed the imprint culture technique to assess the effects of fixed and removable orthodontic appliances on oral carriage, site prevalence and intra-oral density of Candida in adolescents. Moreover, alterations in plaque distribution were measured. Groups of 12-16 year olds without or wearing fixed and removable appliances were studied. Imprint cultures were taken from six intra-oral sites and colony counts recorded after 48 hours incubation on selective media. Plaque scores were recorded from non-appliance and removable appliance wearers. The prevalence of Candidal carriage in the groups was not significantly different being 46 per cent of non-appliance, 51 per cent of fixed appliance and 52 per cent of removable appliance wearers. However, the prevalence of Candidal recovery at some sites and Candidal densities at all sites were significantly increased in both fixed and removable appliance wearers. Thus orthodontic appliances may predispose to Candidal proliferation in oral carriers. However, the results do not permit the conclusion that appliances may change non-carriers of Candida to carriers. Plaque distribution was significantly altered in removable appliance wearers when compared with non-appliance wearers as a result of increases in palatal plaque scores. These findings again emphasize the particular need for oral hygiene instruction in patients wearing appliances or partial prostheses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The influence of children's dentofacial appearance on their social attractiveness as judged by peers and lay adults.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the social attractiveness of a child would be influenced by his or her dentofacial appearance. Black and white photographs of an attractive boy and girl and an unattractive boy and girl were obtained and modified so that, for each face, five different photographic versions were available. In each version, the child's face was standardized except that a different dentofacial arrangement was demonstrated. These were normal incisors, prominent incisors, a missing lateral incisor, severely crowded incisors, and unilateral cleft lip. Each photograph was viewed by a different group of forty-two children and forty-two adults, equally divided as to sex. Their impressions of the depicted child's social attractiveness were recorded on visual analogue scales. The experimental procedure was such that the effect and interaction of different levels of facial attractiveness, different dentofacial arrangements, sex of the photographed child, and sex of the judge could be analyzed. The hypothesis that children with a normal dental appearance would be judged to be better looking, more desirable as friends, more intelligent, and less likely to behave aggressively was upheld.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Dental and social effects of malocclusion and effectivenessof orthodontic treatment: a review.

The relationship between malocclusion and the health of the masticatory apparatus is reviewed. While there is evidence that certain features such as traumatic deep overbite, unprotected incisors and impacted teeth may adversely affect the longevity of the dentition, the relationship of dental irregularity to periodontal disease, caries and mandibular dysfunction is less certain. Studies in the field of social psychology indicate that an unattractive physical appearance may evoke an unfavourable social response in many facets of social interaction but the place of dentofacial anomalies in this context has not been satisfactorily assessed. The individual's adjustment to his own imperfections in dental alignment is variable and there is no evidence that children with visible irregulaities will in general be emotionally handicapped. Effectiveness studies have yet to be undertaken but the factors which will have to be taken into account in assessing the benefits of orthodontic treatment are the definition of treatment need, treatment standards, the disadvantages of treatment and the influence of other determinants of dental health. The need for further research is underlined.

Dental Caries↗
PubMed1980

Oral adhesions associated with cleft lip and palate and lip fistulae.

Three cases of congenital strand-like adhesions between the upper and lower gum pads associated with cleft lip and palate and lower lip fistulae are reported. A consideration of the literature would suggest that this may represent an autosomal dominant trait with variable penetrance and expressivity though a positive family history was found in only one case. The adhesions may have arisen by persistence of the oropharyngeal membrane or anomalous fusion of adjacent epithelial surfaces, the latter seeming rather more likely in the present series. The clinical implications are discussed.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗