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Biomedical subjects

W C Shaw

Publications and source records attributed to W C Shaw.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

The effect of toothbrushing frequency, toothbrushing hand, sex and social class on the incidence of plaque, gingivitis and pocketing in adolescents: a longitudinal cohort study.

Reported toothbrushing frequency and the effect of toothbrushing frequency, toothbrushing hand, sex and social class on the incidence of plaque and periodontal disease in a group of 720 adolescents examined at age 11-12 years and again at 15-16 years is presented. At 11-12 years, the mean toothbrushing frequency was 11.5 times per week. By age 15-16 years, it had risen to 13.3 times per week. Children from social class I were less likely to brush once per day or less and more likely to brush twice daily than those from social class V. At both examinations, consistently low negative correlations were seen between reported toothbrushing frequency and the mean scores for buccal and lingual plaque, buccal, mesial and total bleeding. Few significant differences were seen between left- and right-handed toothbrushers at age 11-12 years. These were almost entirely due to differences between the boys. By age 15-16 years, no significant differences existed between the two groups. At both examinations, the boys had higher plaque, bleeding and pocketing scores than did the girls. At 15-16 years of age, all social classes exhibited lower mean total pocketing scores than at age 11-12 years. At 11-12 years of age, the social class differences were mainly contributed by the girls, while at re-examination plaque and bleeding scores for both sexes showed an overall trend to increase from social class I through to social class V. At 11-12 years of age, the boys showed a trend for pocketing to increase from social class I through to social class V. This was absent at 15-16 years of age. The girls showed no such trend at 11-12, but it had emerged by age 15-16. The results again demonstrate the influence of social class and sex rather than toothbrushing frequency and handedness on oral hygiene and gingival health. However, in view of the high number of statistical tests employed, some caution must be exercised in the interpretation of differences significant at the 5 per cent level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The development of an index of orthodontic treatment priority.

The aim of this study was to develop a valid and reproducible index of orthodontic treatment priority. After reviewing the available literature, it was felt that this could be best achieved by using two separate components to record firstly the dental health and functional indications for treatment, and secondly the aesthetic impairment caused by the malocclusion. A modification of the index used by the Swedish Dental Health Board was used to record the need for orthodontic treatment on dental health and functional grounds. This index was modified by defining five grades, with precise dividing lines between each grade. An illustrated 10-point scale was used to assess independently the aesthetic treatment need of the patients. This scale was constructed using dental photographs of 12-year-olds collected during a large multi-disciplinary survey. Six non-dental judges rated these photographs on a visual analogue scale, and at equal intervals along the judged range, representative photographs were chosen. To test the index in use, two sample populations were defined; a group of patients referred for treatment, and a random sample of 11-12-year-old schoolchildren. Both samples were examined using the index and satisfactory levels of intra- and inter-examiner agreement were obtained.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Lisinopril dose-response relationship in essential hypertension.

1. This was a multicentre, double-blind, parallel study in 216 patients with mild to moderate (supine diastolic blood pressure = 95-115 mm Hg) essential hypertension. 2. After a 4-week placebo washout, patients were randomized to placebo or lisinopril 1.25, 5.20 or 80 mg once daily for 6 consecutive weeks. Supine and erect blood pressure was measured 24 h postdose at the end of weeks -2, 0, 2, 4, and 6. 3. There was a linear dose-response relationship for both supine and erect blood pressure. Diastolic blood pressure reductions in the lisinopril 20 and 80 mg day-1 groups were significantly greater than in the placebo or lisinopril 1.25 and 5 mg day-1 groups. 4. Lisinopril, at doses up to 80 mg day-1, was well tolerated.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Regional variation in the provision and cost of General Dental Service orthodontic treatment in England and Wales.

The regional distribution of orthodontic treatment provision through the General Dental Service was examined, with reference to, per capita spending, cost per case and treatment rate; a marked regional variation in these variables was detected. The regional distributions of the specialist orthodontic practitioner and the General Dental Practitioner were calculated; and also exhibited a marked regional variation. The relationships between the regional distributions of manpower treatment rate and spending on orthodontic treatment were calculated. It was found that there were significant relationships between the regional distribution of manpower and treatment rate and per capita spending, but not cost per case. Possible explanations are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The relationship of anterior overjet to plaque and gingivitis in children.

The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the relationship of overjet to periodontal status. Detailed examinations of occlusal and periodontal characteristics were completed on 914 12-year-old children. Plaque indices, bleeding indices, and anterior overjet were recorded for each incisor tooth. There was a significant association between mean plaque scores and the extremes of overjet measurement, suggesting that tooth cleaning is more difficult in these cases. Also, it was apparent that for right-handed children, the plaque and gingivitis scores were lower on the left side of the mouth.

Child↗
PubMed1988

Expanded function orthodontic auxiliaries; a proposal for their introduction in the UK.

The role of dental and orthodontic auxiliaries in Europe and the United States is reviewed, and the advantages of their employment in the United Kingdom are discussed in terms of increasing the cost-effectiveness of orthodontic treatment provision. A three-stage programme for the evaluation of Orthodontic Auxiliaries in the UK is proposed.

Dental Assistants↗
PubMed1987

The distribution of plaque and gingivitis and the influence of toothbrushing hand in a group of South Wales 11-12 year-old children.

Numerous factors may affect the distribution of plaque and gingivitis in any individuals mouth. Of considerable importance must be the oral hygiene habits of each person, which will be influenced by compliance and dexterity with tooth cleaning methods. The pattern of gingivitis seen at a young age may, with time, reflect the eventual distribution of attachment loss. This in part, could explain the considerable variation in chronic periodontal disease seen between individuals and at different sites within the same mouth. This study reports the baseline data for the distribution of plaque and gingivitis in 1105, 11-12-year-old children in South Wales. The children were selected by disproportionate stratified random sampling and examined by a multidisciplinary group with the long-term aim of evaluating the importance of malocclusion to dental health and psychosocial variables. Toothbrushing frequency had a very low but significant correlation with the distribution of plaque and gingivitis, accounting therefore for only a small % of the variance in the group. For the total group and right-handed toothbrushers, buccal plaque and gingivitis was significantly increased on right contralateral teeth. No specific pattern for plaque and gingivitis distribution by side was seen for 100 left-handed toothbrushers. Plaque and gingivitis also showed significant differences dependent upon arch, tooth number, and surface. The population is being followed at 4-year intervals to monitor the pattern of periodontal disease with time and correlate changes with these baseline findings.

Child↗
PubMed1987

Validity and reproducibility of rating dental attractiveness from study casts.

In the course of a multi-disciplinary investigation of 1018 children, standardized dental photographs and study casts were obtained. It has been shown that panel ratings of dental attractiveness from standardized photographs have good validity, high intra- and inter-judge reproducibility and to be representative of lay judgement. However, such ratings compound an appraisal of cleanliness, tooth colour and gingival health in addition to purely orthodontic features. In order to isolate the latter, attractiveness ratings of study casts were made by a three person panel using visual analogue scales.

Child↗
PubMed1987

A study of the association of fraenal attachment, lip coverage, and vestibular depth with plaque and gingivitis.

The effects of fraenal attachment, upper lip coverage, and mandibular vestibular depth on plaque and bleeding indices in the maxillary and mandibular anterior segments were studied in a group of 1015 school children aged 11.5 to 12.5 years. The position of the mandibular labial fraenum was relatively unimportant to plaque and mandibular gingivitis, but anterior fraenal attachment in the maxilla appeared to affect the retention of plaque and the degree of gingivitis. Maxillary and mandibular plaque and bleeding scores increased with decreasing upper lip coverage at rest. In the mandibular anterior segment, plaque and bleeding indices decreased with increasing vestibular depth. Further analysis demonstrated that fraenal attachment and vestibular depth and fraenal attachment and lip coverage were significantly associated. However, two-way analysis of variance indicated that the influence of fraenal attachment, vestibular depth, and lip coverage on plaque and gingivitis was independent. The influences of these soft tissue variables on plaque accumulation and gingivitis were of small clinical significance and not in themselves a justification for mucogingival surgery.

Child↗
PubMed1986

Dental and social effects of malocclusion and effectiveness of orthodontic treatment: a strategy for investigation.

Study of the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment is complicated by a variety of factors, including the need for longitudinal, multidisciplinary appraisal and difficulties of randomisation, control and sample composition. This report outlines a recent initiative adopting a longitudinal, observational approach with a cohort of approximately 1000 12-yr-olds, selected by disproportionate stratified sampling in order that occlusal features of low prevalence, but high orthodontic interest, would be well represented. In the event, 4810 subjects were listed and after certain exclusions, 3420 children were screened. Using preselected screening criteria, 663 with specific occlusal features were selected and an additional 355 children with nonspecific features were randomly allocated on a pro-rata basis. This gave a final study population of 1018. Baseline dental data included the recording of caries, periodontal status and mandibular function. Study models were obtained and analysed using a new standardised technique for recording the alignment of individual teeth. Photographs of the face and dentition were collected and a rating system developed to score dental and facial attractiveness. Social-psychological data were recorded via self-rating questionnaires, interviews, parental questionnaires, teacher questionnaires and peer ratings.

Child↗