Animal experiments were carried out on 28 dogs which underwent osteotomy of the femur without postoperative fixation. For systematic light- and transmission electron microscopy tissue from this area of 7 dogs was prepared. Result was a functional morphology of connective tissue. Instability of bone fragments is regarded as the most important factor in pathogenesis of pseudarthrosis. Pathologic mobility in the osteotomy area caused specific altered differentiation of local connective tissue cells, leading to a joint capsule-like formation of connective tissue. "Lining cells" to the pseudarthrotic cavity are fibroblasts and histiocyts, comparable to the "lining cells" of normal stratum synoviale. These cells are surrounded by some collagenous fibres and large amounts of amorphous ground substances. They derive means of numerous transitional forms. The capsule-like tissue formation aside the pseudarthrotic cavity is comparable to stratum synoviale of normal joints. In some of these capsule-like areas there are degenerative alterations similar to those of joint capsules in osteoarthritis.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

[Connective tissue in non-union and pseudarthrosis of long bones. Part II: cavity of false joints in dogs (author's transl)].

Pseudarthrotic cavity is surrounded by joint capsule-like connective tissue as well as by the locked-up bone ends. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations indicate instability as a traumatic factor to the surrounding tissues, leading to tears and clefts covered by fibrin and erythrocyte deposits. Below, cell-layers consisting of fibroblasts and histiocytes are formed, which become comparable to stratum synoviale of normal joint especially in areas with constant mechanical stimulus like sliding and little pressure without considerable traumatic effect. Where bone ends reach like lever-arms far into the peripseudarthrotic tissue and mechanical stress of abnormal mobility is of adequate permanent traumatic effect, vascularisation is not visible and regressive, necrobiotic alterations are predominant. In areas with presumable more pressure, with little or no vascularisation, woven cartilage-like partially calcified tissues are formed. Where osteotomized bones are pressed upon each other with instability an intensive remodeling with resorption and rebuilding of bone trabeculae is visible. Muscle interposits degenerate within the continuously injured and scarcely vasculated osteotomized area, and are replaced by tight connective tissues as well as walled-in by bone trabeculae. By reforming abundant collagenous fibres the pseudarthrosis becomes more and more tight. In this way there is a reduction of the functional stimulus abnormal mobility, which induces the local connective tissue to differentiate into joint-like structures, comparable to a mechanism of "self-limitation". One animal was observed up to 48 months after osteotomy. Without therapeutic immobilisation bony consolidation and corticalisation was present in the former pseudarthrotic region, joint capsule-like tissues were no more demonstrable.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

[Connective tissue in non-union and pseudarthrosis of long bones. Part III: comparative examination of human false joints (author's transl)].

Nontreatment of far dislocated fractures of long bones is seldom, fortunately. In comparison to our animal experiments tissue samples from only one patient with similar conditions could be examined by light- and transmission electron microscopy. Microscopic findings are similar to those of animal experiments. Pathologic pseudarthrotic conditions caused by abnormal mobility can be taken as a model for observing reformation of connective tissue. In general tissue dynamics are the same as those known from the ontogeny of connective tissue. The influence of abnormal mobility to pseudarthrosis formation is discussed.

Aged↗

PubMed1980

[A simple clinical investigation method for the approximative rapid determination of the antetorsional angle of the neck of femur (author's transl)].

The author comes to the conclusion that palpatory determination of the antetorsional angle, if executed by a skilled diagnostician, can often save an x-ray film and hence cost and radiation exposure, especially in nonadipose children, supplying satisfactory information on the torsional conditions at the end of the femur near the hip, within a few seconds' time, taking the examination technique into consideration. Antetorsion of the femur at the hip is defined. The aetiomorphology of the antetorsional angle cannot be considered as an independent phenomenon, since it can be viewed only within the overall interplay of the torsional conditions of the leg. In this connection it becomes evident that there is a well-defined relationship between antetorsion of the femur near the hip and apical position of the trochanter major. The so-called "antetorsion-ddependent, externorotatory trochanter major effect" ist expressed mathematically by the trochanter major retrotorsional angle, which is in fact the only way to properly determine the antetorsional angle via manual palpation.

Child↗

PubMed1980

[Skin leukosis in cattle].

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Animals↗

PubMed1980

[A computer oculographic and electroencephalographic double-blind study including well-being for determining changed vigilance under therapy with tiapride].

Owing to its specific action on the dopaminergic neurons of the corpus striatum, which has been demonstrated in animal experiments. N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-5-(methyl-sulfonyl)-o-anisamide (tiapride, Tiapridex) a recently developed drug from the family of the benzamides, appears to be particularly suited for the treatment of motor disorders resulting from extrapyramidal effects. In a double-blind study, the action of the drug on the vigilance of 16 normal subjects was compared with that of diazepam and a placebo. A minor reduction in vigilance was seen in the EOG and EEG following administration of 100 mg three times daily. However, this effect would not be expected to impair general performance or behaviour in traffic. With regard to self-assessment (existential orientation scale, list of complaints), no change was noted in male individuals receiving tiapride, while female test persons exhibited a slight tendency toward feeling low, though their mood remained above the limits of depression.

Arousal↗

PubMed1980