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Biomedical subjects

V V Joshi

Publications and source records attributed to V V Joshi.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Thymus biopsy in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Thymic biopsy was done at the time of open lung biopsy in 11 children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Precocious involution, involution mimicking dysplasia designated as dysinvolution, and thymitis characterized by lymphomononuclear or plasmacytic infiltration, medullary lymphoid follicles, or medullary multinucleated giant cells were seen. Thymic biopsy is helpful in distinguishing AIDS from certain congenital immunodeficiency disorders. The three different types of thymic lesions may represent progression and/or different expressions of thymic epithelial injury in children with AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1985

Progressive encephalopathy in children with acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

We are reporting the cases of four children with a diagnosis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) who demonstrated a progressive encephalopathy manifested by loss of motor milestones or intellectual abilities, and weakness with pyramidal tract signs. Two patients were ataxic. One child was cortically blind and suffered myoclonic jerks before his death. Two of the patients had isolated seizures at some time during the disease course. Two patients developed secondary microcephaly and all four patients showed cortical atrophy on computed tomographic scanning. Three of the patients died. Postmortem neuropathological findings included gross cortical atrophy, microglial nodules, and intranuclear inclusions, as are described in the subacute encephalitis reported in adult AIDS patients. We propose that the possible pathogenetic mechanisms of this encephalopathy include opportunistic or persistent viral infection of the brain.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1985

Pathologic pulmonary findings in children with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a study of ten cases.

Lung tissue and tissue from the lymphoreticular system obtained at open biopsy and/or autopsy were studied in ten children with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). One or both parents of nine of the children had AIDS or risk factors for AIDS. The remaining child had hemophilia. The following pulmonary lesions were seen: 1) diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), 2) Pneumocystis carinii and/or cytomegalovirus pneumonitis, 3) lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis (LIP), and 4) desquamative interstitial pneumonitis (DIP). Combinations of such factors as mechanical ventilation, oxygen therapy, and opportunistic infection played a role in the pathogenesis of DAD. Opportunistic infections were related to the defective cell-mediated immunity in these children. The clinical, epidemiologic, immunologic, and pathologic features of the thymuses of these patients indicate that the immune deficiency was unlikely to have been of congenital origin. The immunologic abnormalities may also have been related to the pathogenesis of LIP and DIP. Neither LIP nor DIP has been described in adults with AIDS. Open lung biopsy is of practical importance in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary disease in children with AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1985

Pathologic appraisal of the thymus gland in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in children. A study of four cases and a review of the literature.

We studied the entire thymus gland by step-serial sections in four fatal cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in children. The location, configuration, and blood vessels of the thymus gland were normal. The weight was reduced. There was severe depletion of both lymphocytes and Hassall's corpuscles. Because of the normal location, configuration, and blood vessels and the seemingly less severe lymphocytic depletion than is seen in congenital immunodeficiency syndromes and because of the clinical and epidemiologic features, we concluded that this syndrome in children represents AIDS. We postulated that the epithelial cells of the Hassall's corpuscles may be the primary site of thymic injury in AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1984

Mucoid anaplastic hepatoblastoma. A case report.

A case of an unusual type of hepatoblastoma in a 5-month-old male infant is described. The tumor showed the following unusual features as compared with the epithelial and mixed types of hepatoblastoma: (1) The tumor cells presented a primitive anaplastic appearance without any resemblance in terms of cytologic features or arrangement to embryonal or fetal liver. (2) Abundant mucoid material containing acid mucopolysaccharide was present giving a slimy, gelatinous, gross appearance to the tumor and its metastases. (3) Well-defined tubular structures were present in some foci within the tumor parenchyma. (4) The tumor resulted in a rapidly fatal course, with metastases to the lungs and widespread peritoneal seeding despite complete surgical resection of the primary tumor. Yolk sac carcinoma and undifferentiated (embryonal) sarcoma of the liver were considered in the differential diagnosis. On electron microscopic examination, the tumor cells showed cytoplasmic features and junctional complexes consistent with their epithelial origin. Alpha-fetoprotein in the blood, which was markedly elevated prior to surgery, returned to a normal level postoperatively. Hepatoblastoma with the combination of features described above has not been previously reported. Because of the two striking and easily recognizable features viz. total lack of differentiation of tumor cells and presence of abundant mucoid material, the authors designated the tumor as mucoid anaplastic hepatoblastoma.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗
PubMed1984

Clinicopathologic spectrum of glomerulocystic kidneys: report of two cases and a brief review of literature.

Two cases of glomerulocystic kidneys (GK) are described and 35 cases are reviewed from the literature. Glomerular cysts formed by dilatation of Bowman's space are the basic and predominant lesion of GK. GK can occur in two different settings: (1) cases in which GK are the only major anomaly or are associated with variable types of anomalies that do not constitute a well-defined syndrome and (2) as part of a well-defined syndrome such as Zellweger's, trisomy 13, short-rib-polydactyly or oral-facial-digital syndrome. The genetic heterogeneity of GK is reflected in the different modes of inheritance of these syndromes. With one exception, no familial incidence is reported for GK unassociated with a syndrome. The morphologic heterogeneity is reflected in those cases in which the cysts show epithelial hyperplasia and/or presence of primitive/dysplastic glomeruli. It is not certain that these histologic variations represent different subtypes of GK. GK is characterized by bilaterality, renal enlargement, absence of urinary tract obstruction, presence of 2-3 mm cortical cysts lined by flattened to cuboidal epithelium and containing a glomerular tuft. GK cannot be distinguished morphologically from adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD) manifesting in the neonatal period. Familial incidence and autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance are the only clues to the correct diagnosis of APKD in such instances.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1984

Pathology of suspected acquired immune deficiency syndrome in children: a study of eight cases.

Biopsy and/or autopsy material from lymphoreticular and other organs was studied in 8 children with suspected acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). One or both parents of each of these children had one or more of the recognized risk factors for AIDS, such as intravenous drug abuse, prostitution, Haitian origin. The following histologic patterns were noted in the lymph nodes: (1) follicular hyperplasia with normocellular paracortex, (2) follicular hyperplasia with depletion of paracortex, and (3) atrophy of follicles with depletion of paracortex. Lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis (LIP), a previously unreported lesion in AIDS, was present in 4 cases. It is suggested that the pulmonary lymphoid lesion may be part of a more generalized lymphoid hyperplasia involving B cells. The gross and microscopic features of the thymus, available in 2 of the 8 cases, indicated that the immunologic defect in these children was not of congenital type. Pathologic findings can be helpful in the diagnosis of the syndrome when correlated with clinical and immunologic features of suspected cases and of the pulmonary lesion. The latter is of importance in deciding the type of therapy to be given for the pulmonary disease process.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1983

Sequential bilateral nephroblastic tumors of different cell types in an infant. Possible effect of chemotherapy versus de novo origin.

A 14-month-old infant had a classical Wilms' tumor of the left kidney and subsequently developed a tumor showing predominantly mature mesenchymal elements and lack of cellular atypia in the right kidney. His father had classical Wilms' tumor of the left kidney. The various possibilities regarding the precise nature and mechanism of the development of the tumor in the right kidney are discussed. The similarities and the differences between this tumor and congenital mesoblastic nephroma are noted. The possible relation of chemotherapy to mesenchymal differentiation and maturation in Wilms' tumor is considered. The possibility of an unusual, histologically benign, mesenchymal variant in the spectrum of infantile nephroblastic neoplasia is also suggested.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Immune deficiency syndrome in children.

The present epidemic of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was originally described in homosexual men and subsequently in intravenous drug abusers, Haitians, and hemophiliacs. Profound defects in cell-mediated immunity (CMI) are associated with Kaposi's sarcoma and a variety of serious opportunistic infections. Recently, we and others have encountered a group of children with an otherwise unexplained immune deficiency syndrome and infections of the type found in adults with AIDS. In this report, we describe eight children from the Newark, NJ, metropolitan area born into families with recognized risks for AIDS. These patients have had recurrent febrile illnesses, failure to thrive, hypergammaglobulinemia, and depressed CMI. Four of these children have died. Our experience suggests that children living in high-risk households are susceptible to AIDS and that sexual contact, drug abuse, or exposure to blood products is not necessary for disease transmission.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1981

Effect of L-histidine and chlorcyclizine on apomorphine-induced climbing behaviour and methamphetamine stereotypy in mice.

Pretreatment with L-histidine (850 and 1000 mh/kg, i.p.), a precursor of brain histamine, and chlorcyclizine (25 and 50 mg/kg, i.p.), a H1-receptor blocker, failed to modify apomorphine-induced climbing behaviour in mice. In contrast, pretreatment with L-histidine (850 and 1000 mg/kg) was found to antagonise methamphetamine stereotypy while pretreatment with chlorcyclizine (25 mg/kg) was found to potentiate methamphetamine-induced stereotypy in mice. The results suggest that drugs which influence central histaminergic mechanisms are effective only in modifying the behaviour induced by the indirectly acting DA agonist methamphetamine and fail to modify the behaviour induced by apomorphine, a directly acting DA agonist.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma: an entity in the spectrum of infantile renal neoplasia.

Clinicopathologic features of 17 cases of "cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma" (CPDN) including three seen in personal experience have been reviewed. CPDN has previously been designated by various terms such as "benign multilocular cystic nephroma," "polycystic nephroblastoma," and "cystic nephroma." The term CPDN is preferred because it aptly denotes the characteristic gross and microscopic features and the probable histogenesis of the lesion. CPDN occurs before 2 years of age. Clinically, abdominal mass is the most common presenting feature. CPDN is often diagnosed as Wilms' tumor on clinical and radiologic grounds. Grossly, the lesion is almost totally or predominantly multicystic. Microscopically, the cysts are usually lined by flattened to cuboidal epithelium. The septa contain a mixture of blastemal cells and poorly differentiated and well-differentiated epithelial and mesenchymal elements. It is this feature which distinguishes CPDN from multilocular cyst of the kidney. Although there is a suggestion that there might be two subtypes of CPDN-one with predominantly well-differentiated elements and the other with predominantly poorly differentiated elements-no definite conclusions can be drawn regarding the existence of such subtypes on the basis of available data. Arguments could be advanced in favor of both the neoplastic and dysgenetic nature of CPDN. However, the view that CPDN is a neoplastic lesion is favored. On the basis of available data, CPDN appears to take a benign course, and simple nephrectomy seems to be the treatment of choice. However, in view of the possibility of recurrence as shown by rare cases of congenital mesoblastic nephroma (another usually benign lesion in the spectrum of infantile renal necoplasia), regular follow-up is recommended.

Animals↗