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Biomedical subjects

V M Hawthorne

Publications and source records attributed to V M Hawthorne.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

A comparison of employment rates of patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis vs in-center hemodialysis (Michigan End-Stage Renal Disease Study).

This study examines factors associated with employment status in a stratified subsample of the Michigan End-Stage Renal Disease Study population. To reduce the variation in employment potential, the subsample consisted of nondiabetic patients aged 20 to 64 years. The patients were stratified on the basis of their treatment histories as follows: (1) treated by in-center hemodialysis only; (2) primarily treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis; and (3) failed continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, substituted by another form of dialysis. A significantly higher percentage of the patients undergoing stable continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis were in the labor force than were those undergoing in-center hemodialysis (27.4% vs 9.6%). Using logistic regression, even when adjusted for sex, race, age, education, marital status, primary diagnosis, and duration of end-stage renal disease, the stable continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis group was significantly more likely to be employed than the group undergoing either in-center hemodialysis only or the group that failed continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Assessment of quality of life in end-stage renal disease.

Ten different multi-item indexes and nine single-item measures were used to assess the quality of life of patients undergoing one of four major modalities of treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Assessments were made on a population-based sample of Michigan patients with onset of ESRD after November 1, 1981, during the period May 1984 to September 1986. The nature of these measures is described and correlations among them are reported. The correlations suggest that these indexes tend to represent either function or feeling, with moderate relationships within the two clusters but little between them. Findings are also reported in terms of age, race, and sex. Depending on the measure chosen to assess quality of life, different conclusions about the relationship of quality of life to these demographic characteristics will be reached. These conclusions may help readers think more critically about the nature of quality of life in arriving at judgments on the relative validity of these different measures.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1988

Prevalence of radiologically defined osteoarthritis in the finger and wrist joints of adult residents of Tecumseh, Michigan, 1962-65.

Radiographs of the fingers and wrists of adult participants in the Tecumseh Community Health Study in 1962-65 were examined for signs of osteoarthritis (OA). The severity of OA for each of 32 joints of the fingers and wrists was recorded for each individual. Attention was restricted to the 3035 participants who were 32 years of age or older and for whom a diagnosis of OA was available for each of 32 joints. Joint-specific prevalence rates of OA increased sharply with age for both sexes, and at the older ages, the prevalence rates for most joints were higher for females. Older individuals with OA also had a greater number of affected joints, with females having a greater number of affected joints than males. Of those individuals aged 44 years or younger, only 6.2% had one or more joints affected with OA. The percentages were 21.6 and 42.0% for those aged 45-59 years and 60 or more years, respectively. The distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints were the most frequently affected joints in all age categories for both sexes and OA in the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints was positively associated with OA in the DIP joints. However, controlling for the number of affected DIP joints, the PIP joints of older subjects were more likely to exhibit OA than the PIP joints of younger subjects. Though there is an association between OA in the DIP and PIP joints, there was only a small, nonsignificant association (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 0.83, 1.84) between disease in the DIP and PIP joints of the same finger.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Correspondence between perceptions of change in diet and 15-year change in diet reports in the Tecumseh Diet Methodology Study.

As part of an effort to assess the most reliable method of obtaining information about long-term dietary intake, a study was conducted of the correspondence between perception of change in diet and measured change in reported diet from 1967 to 1982. Respondents were 1,201 men and women participants in the Tecumseh Food Frequency Study of 1967-1969 who were 45-64 years of age in 1982-1983, the time of the Diet Methodology Study. Perceptions of change were obtained by asking respondents directly if they thought they currently ate each of 12 food groups more often, less often, or as often as they did during the year of their earlier interview. Measured change was obtained by subtracting each respondent's baseline frequency for each of the 12 food groups from his or her current frequency. For 10 of the 12 food groups, correspondence was found between perception of change and measured change; fats and oils added at the table and meat were the exceptions. Significant linear relationships were found between perceptions and measured change for all food groups except fats and oils. However, greatly varying coefficients were associated with terms such as more often or as often as before, thereby limiting the potential utility of combining perceptions of change with current frequencies to obtain a reliable measure of baseline frequencies.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1988

Effect of skinfold levels on lipids and blood pressure in younger and older adults.

As shown in 5507 white participants in a total population sample, the level of fatness is systematically related to lipid levels and to blood pressure levels in older adolescents, younger adults, and older adults of both sexes. At all three age levels, the fatter subjects were highest in serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure and more often hypertensive. The effect of fatness level on the four risk factors was similar for all four skinfolds regardless of location. Fatness level is thus related to lipid levels and blood pressure levels in both younger and older subjects, and there is no evidence that "central" or "peripheral" or upper body and truncal skinfolds are more directly related to these risk factors even after the sixth decade.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Sex and age interactions in the association between alcohol and blood pressure.

The cross-sectional association between alcohol intake and blood pressure was examined in a probability sample of Michigan adults surveyed in 1983. Despite adjustments for race, sex, age, Quetelet index, and current treatment with antihypertensive medications, heavier alcohol intakes (more than one drink daily) were associated with increased systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and prevalence of elevated blood pressure. These associations were somewhat exaggerated in women and in younger persons. Statistically significant differences in blood pressure were demonstrated only among consumers of more than one drink daily. Attributable risk calculations indicated that no more than 8.4 and 8.5% of instances of elevated blood pressure (systolic pressure greater than or equal to 140 mmHg or diastolic pressure greater than or equal to 90 mmHg) in men and women, respectively, could be attributed to alcohol intakes exceeding one drink daily.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Cigarette smoking and male lung cancer in an area of very high incidence. II. Report of a general population cohort study in the West of Scotland.

A general population cohort of 7055 men aged 45-64 and resident in Renfrew and Paisley, two urban burghs in the West of Scotland, has been followed for 10 1/2 years. Analysis of the cigarette smoking and lung cancer (incidence and mortality) relation has been undertaken in order to establish whether unusual results found in a case-control study of cigarette smoking and lung cancer in the adjacent city of Glasgow could be confirmed. Lung cancer incidence and mortality rates increased markedly for exposure categories up to an average consumption of 15-24 cigarettes per day. Above this level the rates increased only marginally. Expressing these rates relative to that estimated for the never-smoked group and comparing them with the relative risks estimated in the case-control study revealed a similarity in terms of both the shape and the level of the dose-response relation. Comparison of the lung cancer rates found in this cohort with those observed in other cohort studies in the literature (UK doctors, US Veterans, and American Cancer Society volunteers) suggested that the West of Scotland rates were substantially higher at all levels of cigarette exposure.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Reproducibility of reports of frequency of food use in the Tecumseh Diet Methodology Study.

Frequency reports in 1967-1969 for 83 foods were compared to frequency reports for the same foods asked retrospectively in 1982-1983 about use in 1967-1969 for 1,184 respondents aged 45-64 in the Tecumseh Community Health Study cohort. Food frequency reports of the current (1982-1983) diet were also compared to baseline reports to indicate diet stability and to retrospective reports to indicate the influence of current diet on retrospective reporting. Comparisons were also made for 13 food groups and vitamin A and C indices. Short-term reproducibility of seven foods, measured by two reports 1-3 weeks apart in 1967-1969, was compared to long-term reproducibility for the same foods. Short-term reproducibility was consistently greater than long-term. Reproducibility was associated positively with stability of use. For the two nutrient indices and nine of the ten food groups examined, mean intake estimated from the retrospective report differed significantly from mean intake from the baseline report. Agreement between retrospective and current reports exceeded agreement between retrospective and baseline reports, indicating that retrospective reports were greatly influenced by current behavior; yet, the retrospective reports were better indicators of baseline consumption than were the current reports. While misclassification from use of the retrospective report to measure baseline consumption was large, risk differences may still be detected with usual sample sizes.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1987

Cigarette smoking and changes in smoking among a cohort of Michigan adults, 1980-82.

Factors related to cigarette smoking and to changes over two years were investigated in a sample of Michigan adults. Smoking was associated with age, sex, education, occupation, and beliefs regarding its health effects. Cessation was predicted by amount smoked at baseline, desire to stop, and belief concerning difficulty stopping. Starting smoking was associated with time off cigarettes (negatively), age, belief about health effects, sex, and education. Heavy smoking and maintenance of cessation are major problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Differential rates of fat change relative to weight change at different body sites.

As shown in 620 adults followed over a 5-year period, rates of change in outer fat differ from skinfold to skinfold and, to a lesser extent, between the sexes. At each of four sites and for men and women respectively fatness change rates per kilogram of weight change are much the same for heavier and lighter individuals, for fatter and leaner subjects, and during weight gain as compared with weight loss. In both sexes the abdominal and iliac sites are more sensitive to overall changes in weight and fatness.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

Reliability of health belief indexes: confirmatory factor analysis in sex, race, and age subgroups.

Despite frequent reference to the Health Belief Model (HBM), few studies address the internal consistency (within questionnaires) or the stability across populations of scales used to measure HBM variables. As part of a 1983 Michigan statewide blood pressure survey, trained interviewers administered 32 health belief questionnaire items to 2,802 randomly selected adult Michigan residents. Exploratory common factor analysis was used to examine the structure of these questionnaire items. Six correlated factors, which corresponded closely with theoretical constructs, appeared. Guided by these results, we developed a confirmatory common factor model. The model's fit was examined in random population halves and in univariate sex, race, and age subgroups. Except perhaps in the oldest age group, the model's fit appeared constant. Reliabilities estimated for HBM factor scales formed with these questionnaire items appeared independent of age, race, or sex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Maturational timing as a factor in female fatness and obesity.

As shown in more than 16 000 white participants in two major studies, menarcheal timing is a major determinant of weight and fatness in early adulthood. Early-maturing women are slightly shorter than late-maturing women but weigh 4 kg more. Early maturers are 30% fatter than late maturers, approximately +0.46 Z scores for each of four different skinfolds. Early maturers are far more often obese than late maturers (risk ratio = 1.8). The data suggest that maturational timing has a greater long-term effect on the level of fatness than the level of fatness had on maturational timing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Psychosocial factors and blood pressure in the Michigan Statewide Blood Pressure Survey.

The relationships between various psychosocial factors and blood pressure were examined in a probability sample of the adult population of the state of Michigan in 1980-1983. Excluding individuals diagnosed by a physician as having high blood pressure and controlling for the major risk factors for hypertension, a number of psychosocial factors significantly predicted blood pressure. Among both men and women, those who generally did not express their emotions (including anger) and who harbored grudges and aggressive impulses had higher diastolic blood pressure. Among men only, those with low self-confidence and less perceived control over their lives had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Those who reported poorer mental health had higher diastolic blood pressure. Among women only, those who rated their relationships with family and best friend more poorly had higher systolic blood pressure. Possible explanations are discussed for the gender-specific relationships between blood pressure and certain psychosocial factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

End-stage renal disease in Michigan. Incidence, underlying causes, prevalence, and modalities of treatment.

In Michigan from 1974 through 1981 the average annual end-stage renal disease (ESRD) incidence was 7.76 for males and 5.55 for females per 100,000 population. Those over 35 years of age had higher incidence rates. The average incidence for black ESRD patients was 20.75, compared with 4.78 for white ESRD patients. Thus, the risk of ESRD was 4.34 times higher in the black population. In 1981, the stated causes of ESRD in the ESRD population were diabetes mellitus (24.5%), hypertension (24.2%), and glomerulonephritis (20.9%). Black ESRD patients, compared to white, had relative risks of 3.8 for diabetes mellitus, 10.9 for hypertension, and 1.7 for glomerulonephritis. The ESRD point prevalence increased from 11.58 in 1974 to 31.68 in 1981. Males predominated over females; the sex-specific ESRD prevalence in 1981 being 36.74 and 26.83, respectively. Blacks predominated over whites; the black and white ESRD prevalences in 1981 were 80.27 and 24.81, respectively. Prevalence over these years increased faster for older age groups. Hemodialysis at a center has been the major ESRD treatment modality. The percentage of all ESRD patients on home hemodialysis steadily decreased from 1974 through 1981. Similarly, on a percentage basis, fewer patients were transplanted in 1981 than in 1974. The number of ESRD patients treated by chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis increased more than sevenfold from 1979 through 1981.

Adolescent↗