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Biomedical subjects

T Shinoda

Publications and source records attributed to T Shinoda.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Electroresponsive pulsatile depot delivery of insulin from poly(dimethylaminopropylacrylamide) gel in rats.

We describe a model for pulsatile drug delivery with an electroresponsive polymer that is stimulated by an externally applied electrical field. Insulin loaded in an electroresponsive poly(dimethylaminopropylacrylamide) (PDMAPAA) gel was administered as a subcutaneous depot in rats. The gel induced a pulsatile plasma glucose decrease in correspondence to stimulation with a constant current of 1.0 mA (0.36 mA/cm2). The first drop occurred at 0.5 h after a 1-min application of current at 0 h and the second drop occurred at 3 h after a 10-min application of current at 2 h. Calculation of pharmacological bioavailability showed that the gel released 0.12% of the loaded insulin after these two stimuli. This in vivo study demonstrates the feasibility of this pulsatile delivery system. The mechanism of insulin release from the electroresponsive PDMAPAA gel is associated with electrokinetic flow of solvated insulin with water; that is, transportation process of counterions (electrophoresis) and water molecules (electroosmosis) in the crosslinked polyelectrolyte gel network.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1997

Survival in long-term haemodialysis patients: results from the annual survey of the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy.

The prognosis for haemodialysis patients is reported to be more favourable in Japan than in Europe or North America. Consequently, evaluation of the death predictors for haemodialysis patients in Japan is of considerable interest outside Japan. The Patient Registration Committee of the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy annually surveys the individual patient case mix, laboratory data and important events occurring in the previous years. Thus, using case mix data and laboratory data (including Kt/V and protein catabolic rate) from the 1993 questionnaire survey and the individual patients' life/death statistics from the 1994 questionnaire survey, a logistic regression analysis was conducted on 53867 patients. The analysis indicated that important death risk predictors were: (i) advanced age, (ii) occurrence of diabetes mellitus, (iii) male sex, (iv) Kt/V lower than 1.8, (v) haemodialysis time less than 5 h, (vi) protein catabolic rate less than 0.9 g/kg/day, and (vii) percentage body weight decrease less than 4% and more than 8% during the first haemodialysis session of the week.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Current status of renal replacement therapy in Japan: results of the annual survey of the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy.

Beginning in 1966, the Patient Registration Committee of the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy has conducted a survey once a year on renal replacement therapy in Japan. As of 1983, the survey covered the life/death of patients in the survey years, as well as the case mix of individual patients. In 1990 several laboratory variables were added to the survey items. The present report summarizes the data from the 1993 and 1994 surveys. The Committee mailed out questionnaire forms at the end of the survey year to the heads of all dialysis facilities. Survey forms were returned from 99.6% of the dialysis facilities in the 1993 survey, and from 99.8% of the facilities in the 1994 survey. Some 143709 patients were treated by renal replacement therapy in 1994 (7509 were treated by CAPD, and 131016 by extracorporeal haemopurification). The gross mortality rate was 9.5% in the same year. The mean values of the laboratory variables among 88693 patients undergoing thrice weekly haemodialysis were as follows in 1993: Kt/V, 1.31 +/- 0.30; protein catabolic rate, 1.04 +/- 0.30 g/kg/day; haemodialysis time, 4.12 +/- 0.50 h. In 1994, the variables were: predialysis serum creatinine concentration, 11.54 +/- 2.85 mg/dl; predialysis serum albumin concentration, 3.91 +/- 0.55 g/dl; predialysis haematocrit, 28.69 +/- 4.36%.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Partial sequences of large subunit ribosomal DNA of a new yeast species, Trichosporon domesticum and related species.

We determined the partial sequences of large subunit rDNA of a new yeast species, Trichosporon domesticum, which was isolated from the house of a summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis patient. Phylogenetically, T. domesticum was positioned in the taxonomic group containing T. montevideense and T. brassicae, which indicated an identical serotype. A phylogenetic relationship among all species of the genus Trichosporon which belong to the basidiomycetous yeast is clarified.

Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic↗
PubMed1997

Physical characteristics of a new synthetic fiber mattress in relation to pressure sores.

The purpose of the present investigation was to develop a mattress which was made of the new synthetic fibers called 'Shin-Gosen', and to determine its physical characteristics associated with pressure sores such as pressure distribution, temperature and humidity. The Shin-Gosen mattress consisted of three layers of elastic fibers made of polyester multifilaments, which were mediated by four layers of wave-like fabrics made of nylon monofilaments. The physical characteristics of the mattress were compared with (a) the conventional cotton hospital mattress and (b) the SORELESS MAT made of vacuole gel which effectively eliminated compression forces. The Shin-Gosen mattress was found to provide pressure relief effects similar to that of the SORELESS MAT the desired thermal insulation as well as that of the cotton mattress and a higher level of moisture vapor permeability. These excellent features will not only contribute to preventing pressure sores, but will also enable comfortable resting and sleeping.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Capillary column high-performance liquid chromatographic-electrospray ionization triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometric analysis of proteins separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Application to cerebellar protein mapping.

A method is presented for the structural characterization of proteins separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). The method includes separation of a protein mixture by 2D-PAGE, recovery of proteins from the gel spots revealed by copper staining and analysis of the proteins by triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometry using an electrospray ionization interface (ESI-TSQMS). Prior to the mass spectrometric analysis, the extracted proteins were passed through a small reversed-phase column (10 x 4.0 mm I.D.) to remove salts and gel-derived contaminants and then introduced into the mass spectrometer through a reversed-phase capillary column with 0.25 mm I.D. Application of the method to the analysis of rat cerebellar proteins suggests that the molecular mass could be accurately determined with sub-picomole amounts of protein samples derived from one or two 2D gels. The method was also useful for peptide mapping and determination of amino acid sequences of proteins micro-prepared from the 2D gel. Because 2D-PAGE has an excellent resolving power in protein separation and because capillary LC-ESI-TSQMS provides structural information with very small amounts of samples, the combined system of 2D-PAGE and capillary LC-ESI-TSQMS described here should allow wide applications to molecular studies of genes and proteins, such as identifications of protein spots on 2D gels, confirmation of gene/protein sequences and analysis of post-translational modification of proteins present naturally in tissue/cell extracts or expressed by recombinant DNA techniques.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

High-performance liquid chromatography of peptides on a microspherical carbon column.

The properties of a microspherical carbon column for the separation of peptides and proteins are described. One hundred and thirty-three peptides, with from 1 to 148 amino acid residues, were applied on a carbon column and eluted with a linear gradient of acetonitrile [10-70% (v/v), 30 min] in 0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid solution. The elution behaviour of the peptides on the carbon column and on an octadecylsilica (ODS) column were compared under the same elution conditions. Relationships between the logarithm of the hydrophobicity of peptides and their capacity factors were approximately linear on both columns, but some exceptions were observed with peptides with aromatic residues, indicating stronger adsorption on the carbon than on the ODS column. These results suggest that the major factor for the separation of peptides on both the carbon and ODS columns is hydrophobic interactions. The stronger adsorption of aromatic side-chains in peptides on the carbon column could be understood by an interaction based on the aromatic or graphitic nature of the surface of the microspherical carbon packings.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Reversed-phase liquid chromatography on a microspherical carbon column at high temperature.

The chromatographic conditions for the use of a spherical carbon column at high temperatures up to 160 degrees C are described. The column heating system and the eluate cooling system are also described. Under the conditions studied, it was found that the carbon column at elevated temperature was stable and could be applicable to any compounds that are durable under these conditions. The peptide bonds at this high temperature and at this acidity were still stable enough for analysis, but the indole residues showed poor stability.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Fibrinogen, coagulation factor VII, tissue plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and lipid as cardiovascular risk factors in chronic hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients.

Mortality rates associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) are high in long-term dialysis patients. Increased levels of plasma fibrinogen (FBG), coagulation factor VII (FVII), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) as well as hyperlipidemia are regarded as important risk factors for CVD. To investigate whether there are differences in the risk of CVD between chronic hemodialysis (HD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients, serum lipid levels and plasma FBG, FVII, t-PA, and PAI-1 levels were measured in 17 patients on HD and 17 patients on CAPD. FBG was measured by the thrombin time method, FVII activity (FVIIc) by the chromogenic prothrombin time method, and t-PA and PAI-1 activity by the chromogenic substrate assay. No difference was found in body mass index (BMI) between HD and CAPD patients. Total cholesterol (TC), TC/high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C ratio, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C, and triglycerides (TG) were significantly increased, and HDL-C was significantly decreased in CAPD patients compared with HD patients. FBG and FVIIc were significantly elevated in CAPD patients compared with controls or HD patients. T-PA activities were significantly higher in HD and CAPD patients than in controls. CAPD patients showed significantly higher PAI-1 activities than controls or HD patients. Significant positive correlations were found between FBG or FVIIc and TC, between FBG and LDL-C or TG, and between FVIIc and LDL-C in these patients. T-PA showed significant negative correlations with FBG, PAI-1, TC, LDL-C, and TG. There was a significant positive correlation between PAI-1 and TG and a significant negative correlation between PAI-1 and HDL-C. We conclude that CAPD patients may have a greater risk of CVD than do HD patients, and that coagulation and fibrinolytic activity are correlated with lipid disorders in these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Enhancement of nasal salmon calcitonin absorption by lauroylcarnitine chloride in rats.

PURPOSE: We investigated optimum formulation characteristics in the nasal absorption of salmon calcitonin (sCT) by incorporation of acylcarnitines. METHODS: Nasal sCT formulations were administered to anesthetized rats. Plasma calcium level was measured and pharmacological bioavailability (P.bioav) was calculated. RESULTS: Nasal sCT absorption was significantly enhanced by carnitines with acyl groups of 12 or more carbon atoms. Enhancement by lauroylcarnitine chloride (LCC) was observed at its critical micelle concentration and reached a plateau at the concentration of 0.1 percent. Optimal absorption was achieved at a molar ratio of LCC to sCT of 5:1. Enhancement was not influenced by osmolarity and maximum enhancement was obtained at pHs 3.1 and 4.0. CONCLUSIONS: The 12-carbon LCC was the strongest enhancer among acylcarnitines. Micelle formation played a key role in this enhancement effect.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1996

Serological characterization of Trichosporon cutaneum and related species.

Recent molecular biological, chemical, physiological and morphological studies indicate that Tri-chosporon cutaneum and related species should be reclassified. In this study, antigenic characteristics of the species were determined. The results of adsorption experiments revealed that there were at least three serological types: I, II and III. Specific factor sera I, II and III were prepared on the basis of adsorption experiments and isolates were serotyped by cell slide agglutination (CSA). Since the CSA test was difficult to read in some strains, the results of the CSA test were compared with the findings from an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For the ELISA, crude polysaccharide antigens prepared from the culture supernatant were used as the antigen. The types determined by ELISA correlated well with those determined by the CSA test. These data suggest that T. cutaneum and related species have at least three serological types, and that the typing can be done by either CSA or ELISA.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1996

Morphology of India's urbanization.

"This paper is aimed at presenting the salient features of the morphology of India's urbanization paying due attention to interstate variations. We will find a lot of variations among the states in terms of their basic indices of urbanization. There are six sections in this paper. Section II deals with how to define an urban area. Section III presents a picture of the patterns of population transformation in India with due consideration to changes in the birth and death rates over time. Section IV examines the main features of the morphology of India's urbanization, discussing the level of urbanization, primacy patterns, interstate differences in urbanization, and the components of urban growth. Section V deals with the structure and pattern of migration in order to explain the background to India's slow urbanization."

Asia↗
PubMed1996

Production of agglutinating monoclonal antibody against antigen 8 specific for Cryptococcus neoformans serotype D.

A hybridoma (clone CRND-8) that produced agglutinating monoclonal antibody (MAb) against Cryptococcus neoformans serotype D was established by using a soluble capsular polysaccharide-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate for immunization. The isotype was immunoglobulin M(kappa). Specificity was determined by cell slide agglutination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In both tests, the MAb reacted to serotypes D and A-D but not to serotypes A, B, and C. Furthermore, the specificity of the MAb determined by ELISA was the same as that of polyclonal antibody factor serum (PAb factor) 8, which showed high-level reactivity with serotypes D and A-D. These results supported the deduced specificity of the PAb-based antigenic factor 8. A total of 15 isolates of serotypes D and A-D but no serotype A isolates reacted with the MAb in cell slide agglutination tests. CRND-8 MAb can be used in place of PAb factor 8 for serotyping C. neoformans isolates and for the analysis of the antigen 8 epitope.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1995

Hyperuricemia in patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease.

The effects of hyperthyroidism on uric acid metabolism were investigated. First, the serum uric acid level was measured in 92 patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease, eight patients with subacute thyroiditis, six patients with hypothyroidism, and 70 sex- and age-matched controls. Second, the correlation between serum thyroxine (T4) and serum uric acid was obtained in hyperthyroid Graves' disease patients before and during antithyroid drug therapy. Finally, uric acid clearance (CUA) was determined in untreated patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease. Serum uric acid was significantly elevated in patients with hyperthyroidism, and the elevation correlated well with serum T4 before treatment as a group and during treatment in each patient. A significant elevation of serum uric acid was not present in patients with a transient mild thyrotoxicosis due to subacute thyroiditis. Serum uric acid was significantly decreased in patients with hypothyroidism. Renal excretion of uric acid clearly increased in hyperthyroid patients, and CUA also increased. The increase in CUA corresponded to the increase in renal plasma flow (RPF), which was measured by p-aminohippuric acid clearance. The fractional excretion of uric acid as determined by CUA/glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was similar and within the normal range in hyperthyroid patients and normal controls. A significant inverse correlation between CUA and serum uric acid concentration was present in hyperthyroid patients as in normal controls, indicating that the renal handling of uric acid in the tubule affected uric acid excretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis and Cryptococcus neoformans serotype D.

We report a healthy, 73-year-old Japanese woman who presented with primary cryptococcosis on the skin of both cheeks. She had initially developed an erythematous, partly ulcerated lesion on the right cheek 2 weeks earlier following an injury. There was no regional lymphadenopathy, and chest X-rays were normal. Histopathological findings showed granulomatous cell infiltration. Periodic acid Schiff staining revealed spores that were identified by the indirect immunoperoxidase staining method as Cryptococcus neoformans. The isolate was identified as C. neoformans var. neoformans serotype D. The skin lesions healed in 1 month without antifungal therapy. A literature review indicates that this serotype tends to produce cutaneous lesions without systemic involvement.

Aged↗