Infant brain lipids and diet.
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Breast Feeding↗
Biomedical subjects
T A Sanders
Publications and source records attributed to T A Sanders.
Lipoprotein risk factors in vegetarian women of Indian descent are unrelated to dietary intake.
Dietary intakes, anthropometric indices and plasma lipoprotein and alpha-tocopherol concentrations were measured in premenopausal vegetarian women of Indian descent (n = 22) and in white women of European descent consuming either mixed (n = 22) or vegetarian diets (n = 18). The Indian women were shorter in height than the white women and had a higher proportion of body fat. Energy intakes were lower in the Indian women, both in absolute terms and per kg body weight. The proportion of energy derived from saturated fatty acids was lower and that from polyunsaturated fatty acids was greater in both Indian and white vegetarians compared with the subjects on mixed diets. Intakes of dietary fibre and vitamins C and E were higher in the white vegetarians compared with the other groups. Plasma concentrations of total and LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B and the ratio of apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein AI were lower and HDL and HDL2 cholesterol, alpha-tocopherol concentrations and the ratio of alpha-tocopherol/cholesterol were greater in the white vegetarian group than in the other groups. Total plasma cholesterol was associated with measures of truncal obesity, especially subscapular skinfold thickness and the percentage energy derived from saturated fatty acids. Plasma concentrations of apo(a) were higher and those of HDL and HDL2 cholesterol and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were lower in the Indian vegetarian women compared with both groups of white women. No relationship could be found between apo(a), HDL and HDL2 cholesterol concentration and nutrient intake but HDL and HDL2 were negatively associated with the proportion of body fat and apo(a) weakly with subscapular skinfold thickness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Body Composition↗
A prospective study of obesity, lipids, apolipoproteins and ischaemic heart disease in women.
The aim of the study was to examine the relationships of obesity, lipids and apolipoproteins with the risk for subsequent ischaemic heart disease in middle-aged women, using a case-control study nested within a cohort study. A total of 3634 women aged 26-88 were recruited in Guernsey between 1977 and 1985 and followed until June 1986 by abstraction of their general practitioners' records. Fifty-one cases of incident ischaemic heart disease (11 myocardial infarction, 40 angina) were identified. For each case up to 4 controls were selected, matched for age and date at recruitment. Odds ratios for the development of ischaemic heart disease in the middle and upper thirds of the distribution for each variable in the controls, relative to the lowest third (and two-sided P-values for linear trends), were: 3.0, 2.6 (0.015) for Quetelet's index; 3.3, 5.1 (0.003) for total cholesterol; 0.5, 0.6 (0.102) for apolipoprotein A-I; 1.8, 2.4 (0.015) for apolipoprotein B; 1.3, 2.1 (0.155) for apolipoprotein(a). The increased risks associated with increased Quetelet's index and total cholesterol were independent of each other and these variables were more strongly related to myocardial infarction than to angina. The relationships of risk with serum cotinine, fatty acids, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and sex hormone binding globulin were weak and did not approach statistical significance.
Adult↗
The influence of a vegetarian diet on the fatty acid composition of human milk and the essential fatty acid status of the infant.
Vegan and vegetarian diets supply higher amounts of linoleic acid than those of omnivores. Intakes of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) are variable, depending on the oils used, but are generally high in vegans. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) (DHA) is absent from vegan and many vegetarian diets. Cord plasma and cord artery phospholipid levels of Hindu vegetarians contained less DHA and more docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6) compared with those of omnivore control subjects. These differences in fatty acid composition were not statistically related to differences in birth weight, head circumference, or length. In human milk from vegans, vegetarians, and omnivores, the mean percentage in total fatty acids of 18:2n-6 was 23.8%, 19.7%, and 10.9%, respectively; that of 18:3n-3 was 1.36%, 1.25%, and 0.49%, respectively; and that of 22:6n-3 was 0.14%, 0.30%, and 0.37%, respectively. The proportion of DHA in erythrocyte total lipids of infants breast-fed by vegans was 1.9% compared with 3.7% in infants fed a milk formula containing butterfat as the sole source of fat and 6.2% in infants breast-fed by omnivores at 14 weeks postpartum. The ratio of linoleic/alpha-linolenic acid in the diet was predictive of the proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid but not that of DHA in infant red blood cell lipids. It is concluded that the intakes of linoleic acid and DHA are the major determinants of the proportion of DHA in plasma and red blood cell lipids.
Breast Feeding↗
The influence of a fish oil high in docosahexaenoic acid on plasma lipoprotein and vitamin E concentrations and haemostatic function in healthy male volunteers.
Nine healthy male subjects consumed a daily fish oil supplement providing 2.1 g docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3; DHA) and 0.8 g eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3; EPA) for 6 weeks. The proportion of EPA and DHA in plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelet phospholipids was increased by the supplement. Plasma concentration of triacylglycerol and very-low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol were lowered and those of high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)- and HDL2-cholesterol and apoprotein B were increased. Platelet aggregation and thromboxane B2 production induced by collagen were partially inhibited. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure fell during treatment and rose following withdrawal of the supplement. Statistically significant reductions in erythrocyte counts, packed cell volume and haemoglobin and increases in total leucocyte and monocyte counts occurred with the supplement. Plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations fell below the normal range during the period of supplementation. It is suggested that future studies consider components other than EPA in fish oil. Further studies are needed to investigate the extent to which fish oil increases the requirement for antioxidant nutrients.
Adult↗
The cholesterol-raising effect of coffee in the Syrian hamster.
Adult male Syrian hamsters were fed on a high-fat diet with or without access to boiled coffee. Plasma total, low-density-lipoprotein- and high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations were increased by the coffee and very-low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations were lowered. It is concluded that the Syrian hamster is a suitable animal model in which to study the hypercholesterolaemic effect of coffee.
Animals↗
The influence of rice bran on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in human volunteers.
Eighteen healthy male normocholesterolaemic men consumed diets supplemented with 15 g wheat bran, 15 g and 30 g rice bran for 3-week treatment periods. Plasma lipoprotein concentrations were determined on the last 3 days of each treatment period. Nutrient intakes estimated by analysis of duplicate diets were similar during all treatments. Plasma triglyceride concentrations were statistically significantly (P less than 0.05) lowered by 15 g/day rice bran compared with 15 g/day wheat bran. Plasma total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, apoprotein AI and B concentrations and body weight were unaffected by the supplements. It is concluded that the consumption of realistic amounts of rice bran does not contribute to a reduction in plasma cholesterol concentrations in man.
Adult↗
Platelet phospholipid fatty acid composition and function in vegans compared with age- and sex-matched omnivore controls.
Platelet function and phospholipid composition, plasma lipids and dietary intakes were assessed in 20 vegan subjects and 20 age- and sex-matched omnivore controls. The intakes of saturated fat were lower in the vegans and those of linoleic and linolenic acids were greater. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were absent from the diets of the vegans. Plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein concentrations were lower in the male vegan subjects and those of carotene were greater compared with their controls. The platelet phospholipids of the vegans contained higher proportions of linoleic (18:2n-6) and adrenic (22:4n-6) acids and lower proportions of arachidonic (20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic (22:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acids. Template bleeding times, platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate, compound U44619 and collagen were similar in both groups.
Adenosine Diphosphate↗
The Mediterranean diet: fish and olives, oil on troubled waters.
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Cholesterol↗
Influence of omega 3 fatty acids on blood lipids.
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Chylomicrons↗
Adipose tissue essential fatty acid composition in patients with atopic eczema.
We have measured adipose tissue total lipid and plasma phospholipid essential fatty acid composition by capillary column gas chromatography in patients with atopic eczema. In both adipose tissue and plasma phospholipids there was a significant elevation of linoleic acid in patients compared to a control group (adipose tissue P less than 0.05; plasma P less than 0.001), and a substantially higher ratio of linoleic acid to the sum of its longer chain highly unsaturated derived fatty acids, dihomogamma linolenic acid and arachidonic acid. These findings add support to the proposition that patients with atopic eczema have a defect in the conversion of linoleic acid.
Adipose Tissue↗
Vitamin A and pregnancy.
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Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
Controlled evaluation of slimming diets: use of television for recruitment.
352 overweight men and women took part in a six-week controlled trial of seven slimming regimens versus a placebo diet. They were recruited through a popular television programme. The findings showed that three regimens ('Bai-Lin Tea', the 'Grapefruit Pill', and the 'Natural Vitality' pill) were ineffective. Reduction in energy intake either by meal replacement or by dietary modification led to successful weight loss. Commercial slimming clubs were the most effective measures. Television and other media could be used to test other hypotheses with randomisation experiments.
Adolescent↗
Polyunsaturated fatty acids and coronary heart disease.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids can be used to replace saturated fatty acids in the diet in order to decrease plasma cholesterol concentrations. Intakes of up to 12% of the energy intake as linoleic do not decrease HDL cholesterol. Animal studies show a decreased incidence of atherosclerosis in animals fed polyunsaturated fats compared with saturated fats. Linoleic acid is required for the synthesis of eicosanoids, which are important in the regulation of platelet aggregation, blood pressure and coronary flow. Small amounts of linoleic acid are required for normal eicosanoid synthesis but larger intakes may lead to overproduction of eicosanoids. Dietary eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, which are provided by fish oils, have a protective effect on experimental myocardial infarction. Epidemiological evidence and secondary prevention trials suggest that these marine-derived polyunsaturates offer protection from CHD. Current advice on fat intake needs to be revised to take into account the neutrality of monounsaturated fatty acids and the need to balance the different types of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Animals↗
Haematological studies on pre-menopausal Indian and Caucasian vegetarians compared with Caucasian omnivores.
Full blood counts, serum ferritin, vitamin B12 and folate, erythrocyte folate concentrations and nutrient intakes were estimated in twenty-three Indian vegetarian, twenty-two Caucasian omnivores and eighteen Caucasian vegetarian women aged 25-40 years. Energy and copper intakes were lower in the Indian women than in the Caucasians. Intakes of dietary fibre, vitamin C and folate were greater and the proportion of energy derived from fat was lower in the vegetarians than in the omnivores. Vitamin B12 and protein intakes were lower in both vegetarian groups than in the omnivores. Fe intake was similar in all the groups but haem Fe provided one-quarter of the Fe intake of the omnivores. Haemoglobin concentrations were generally inside the normal range in all groups, but were lower in the Indians as were mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH). Higher MCV, MCH and lower erythrocyte (RBC) counts were observed in Caucasian vegetarians compared with the Caucasian omnivores. In both groups of vegetarians, concentrations of serum vitamin B12 and ferritin were markedly lower than in the omnivores. RBC folate concentrations were lower in the Indians than in either of the Caucasian groups when subjects taking supplements were excluded. It is concluded that vegetarians need to ensure they have adequate intakes of Fe and vitamin B12.
Adult↗
Dietary advice for lowering plasma cholesterol.
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Cholesterol↗
Influence of n-3 fatty acids on blood lipids in normal subjects.
The effects of consuming oils providing alpha-linolenic (ALA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids were studied in healthy volunteers. A blunted increase in plasma triglyceride was observed in subjects given a test meal containing fish oil compared with olive oil; cholesterol concentrations were not increased; increases in EPA and DHA were seen in all lipid fractions. In longer term supplementation studies, ALA increased EPA, but not DHA in plasma phospholipids; preformed EPA was more effective. The proportion of EPA in platelet lipids increased in a dose dependent manner. EPA or DHA, but not ALA, decreased plasma triglyceride and VLDL cholesterol concentrations. Supplements containing DHA increased HDL and HDL2 cholesterol and LDL apoB. Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations were unaltered.
Adolescent↗
Dietary and other characteristics relevant for coronary heart disease in men of Indian, West Indian and European descent in London.
The origins of the high standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for coronary heart disease (CHD) among Indians in Britain, and the low SMR for West Indian immigrants, have been explored by a community survey in London. Serum lipoproteins, plasma glucose, haemostatic factors and other putative risk characteristics were measured in 75 Indian, 64 European and 24 West Indian men aged 45-54 years. These represented 81% of men registered with a general practice and resident within a defined area. In 51 men, diet was assessed by 5-day weighed inventory. Plasma phospholipid fatty acids (PFA) were measured in 18 Indians and 19 Europeans with dietary records. The relatively high HDL and HDL2-cholesterol concentrations, low LDL-cholesterol concentration, reduced fat intake, increased ratio of dietary polyunsaturated/saturated fat, relatively frequent use of alcohol, and lack of obesity in West Indians accorded with their low SMR from CHD. By contrast, only the relatively low HDL and HDL2-cholesterol concentrations, infrequency of alcohol consumption, and lower proportion of PFA as n-3 fatty acids of marine origin afforded explanations for the high SMR of Indians. Hyperglycaemia appeared similarly prevalent in Indians and West Indians, but less common in Europeans. Of the haemostatic factors, West Indians had a relatively low VIIc (not statistically significant), while Indians had an increased platelet count and reduced platelet volume. Improved understanding of these ethnic differences in CHD mortality may depend upon elucidation of the contrasts in HDL-cholesterol concentration.
Blood Coagulation Tests↗