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Biomedical subjects

S Williams

Publications and source records attributed to S Williams.

At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

A seven year follow-up study of the cognitive development of children who experienced common perinatal problems.

The prevalence of perinatal problems in a sample of 1037 children was described. There was no significant association between perinatal problems and socio-economic status. The association between perinatal problems and cognitive development was examined by stepwise regression analyses of the more common perinatal problems on cognitive factor scores, using measures of language and intelligence taken when the children were aged 3, 5, and 7 years. Of 14 perinatal problems analysed in this manner, only two, being a twin or being small for gestational age, were found to be consistently associated with a significantly lower cognitive factor score.

Child Development↗
PubMed1984

A longitudinal study of enuresis from five to nine years.

The prevalence of primary and secondary enuresis was examined longitudinally in a large sample of New Zealand children at ages 5, 7, and 9 years. While the prevalence of primary enuresis fell over time, secondary enuresis increased in prevalence between 5 and 7 years. There were no sex differences. An examination of some of the developmental and background characteristics of the sample indicated that enuresis was not associated with neurodevelopmental delay or 'psychosocial' factors. However, there were strong, long term associations between secondary enuresis and behavioural deviance. The behavioural results suggested that behaviour problems did not arise as a consequence of enuresis, but rather preceded it.

Child↗
PubMed1984

Behaviour problems in a population of seven-year-old children: prevalence, stability and types of disorder--a research report.

A sample of 951 children in Dunedin, New Zealand was assessed at age 7 years to examine the prevalence, nature and stability of behaviour problems. The identification of children with behaviour problems was based upon reports of parents and teachers. About 30% of the sample were identified by the parent and/or teacher as having a high level of problem behaviour. The most prevalent problem reported was antisocial behaviour, which was more common among boys than girls. Over 9% of the sample were identified as having a stable behaviour problem. Such stable problems were associated with specific reading retardation, independent ratings of behaviour during psychological testing and use of professional services for help. These children, together with those identified by both parent and teacher at age 7 years, should be regarded as having a significant behaviour disorder.

Child↗
PubMed1984

Perinatal, neurological, environmental and developmental characteristics of seven-year-old children with stable behaviour problems.

From a large sample of 7-yr-olds in Dunedin, New Zealand, a group of 52 boys and 32 girls with stable behaviour problems was selected and compared with the remainder of the sample. The groups did not differ in terms of perinatal problems except for a higher prevalence of being small for gestational age in the problem group. The mothers of the problem children tended to be younger, to have lower mental ability and poorer health than the rest of the sample. The families of the problem children were rated as having poorer relationships, and there was more parental separation and solo parenting in this group. Finally, the children with stable problems showed cognitive delays at age 7 yr.

Child↗
PubMed1984

Diabetes-associated endometrial disruption in the Chinese hamster: structural changes in relation to progressive hyperglycemia.

The relationship between progressive diabetes and endometrial structure was examined in genetically diabetic Chinese hamsters. Uterine samples were collected from animals exhibiting prediabetic to overt diabetic conditions and from matched control animals. In controls (with blood glucose levels less than or equal to 145 mg/dl) the endometrium was typified by an intact luminal epithelium, a thin underlying basement membrane and a well-organized stroma layer. In contrast, mildly diabetic (150-250 mg/dl) animals exhibited a compressed luminal epithelium which was embedded in a thickened basement membrane infiltrated with phagocytic blood elements. The stromal layer contained several irregular cells which were characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolization and collagen fiber separation by an amyloid-like, intercellular ground substance. In overt diabetic animals (greater than or equal to 300-500 mg/dl), the luminal epithelial cells were located over a greatly thickened basement membranes which was infiltrated by phagocytic blood elements and degenerating stromal cell membranes. The lumens of the glands were closed and the stromal cells were separated by an increased intercellular space occupied by an amyloid-like ground substance. Many stromal cells exhibited cytoplasmic vacuolization. These studies demonstrate that uterine involution associated with diabetes occurs in a sequential manner and is temporally related to progressive elevations in blood glucose levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The toxicity of Datura stramonium (thorn apple) to horses.

Meal contaminated by Datura stramonium seeds at the rate of 0.5% by weight was fed to two horses. Both horses showed clinical signs of depression, anorexia, weight loss, rapid heart and respiration rates, mydriasis, polyuria, polydipsia and diarrhoea. Both recovered with treatment. Maize screenings contaminated by the seeds had been used in the manufacture of the meal.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

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Humans↗
PubMed1984

Leukocyte-mediated injury to corneal endothelial cells. A model of tissue injury.

Although leukocyte-mediated cell injury has long been suggested as a major mechanism of general tissue injury in acute and chronic inflammation, only limited data have been developed to directly implicate leukocytes in ocular tissue injury. In an effort to unravel the role and mechanisms of leukocyte-mediated injury to the cornea, an isolated corneal cup model was developed. For this model, peripheral bovine leukocytes were added to isolated bovine corneal cultures (corneal cup) in vitro, after which endothelial cell damage and death were evaluated morphologically. In general, corneal endothelial cell swelling was observed within 5-10 minutes after leukocyte exposure, followed by detachment of the corneal endothelium at a 30-75-minute interval. Grossly, the detached endothelium appeared as a floating sheet. Using trypan blue dye exclusion, cells in the sheet were found to be nonviable. When examined ultrastructurally, the sheet was found to consist of leukocytes and endothelial cell debris. Light-microscopic examination of the corneal cup at 5-10 minutes after leukocyte action demonstrated extensive endothelial cell damage, as indicated by cell membrane thickening, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and changes in nuclear shape. These changes in the endothelial cells were confirmed by electron microscopy. Vacuolization and swelling of the endothelium appeared as the first changes, induced by leukocyte interactions with the endothelial cell layer. In general, the endothelial cell nucleus became convoluted, mitochondria swelled, and the endoplasmic reticulum became dilated. These changes become more pronounced as the endothelial cells become detached from the underlying Descemet's membrane. Leukocyte interaction with corneal epithelium, on the other hand, did not result in cell detachment, but only cell damage. These studies demonstrate the ability of leukocytes to denude Descemet's membrane of endothelial cells and destroy corneal endothelial cells in vitro. They also suggest that the corneal cup model system will enhance both morphologic and biochemical evaluation of the mechanisms and consequences of leukocyte-mediated injury to the cornea, and thereby provide new insights into the mechanisms of endocular inflammation and tissue injury in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

A longitudinal study of the intelligence and behavior of preterm and small for gestational age children.

A large sample of children (n = 850) from Dunedin, New Zealand, were classified into three groups, preterm (n = 31), small for gestational age (SGA; n = 71), and full-term, normal birth weight (n = 748). These groups were compared on intelligence measures taken at ages 3, 5, 7, and 9 years of age and parent and teacher behavior reports at 5, 7, and 9 years. The SGA group but not the preterm group had significantly lower IQ scores than the normal birth weight children. In addition, the mothers of the SGA children reported more behavior problems. These differences were not attributable to socioeconomic disadvantage in the SGA group. The results suggest "it is better to be born too early than too small."

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1983

Depression in a sample of 9-year-old children, Prevalence and associated characteristics.

We investigated the prevalence of depression in a sample of 9-year-old children from the general population being studied longitudinally. Current point prevalences of major and minor depressive disorder were estimated at 1.8% and 2.5%, respectively. A comparison of children with depression and a nondepressed group disclosed no significant differences by sex, nor any significant association between depression and socioeconomic status, teacher reports of behavior problems, and cognitive or motor development. The children with current depression were reported by a parent to have had a history of more behavioral problems, had been referred more often for assessment or treatment of behavioral or emotional problems, and had more negative self-perceptions of their academic ability. The results suggested that parents may be more sensitive than teachers to the behavior problems exhibited by depressed children.

Achievement↗