Does unemployment increase the use of primary health care services?
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Family Practice↗
Biomedical subjects
S Westin
Publications and source records attributed to S Westin.
Growth hormone and vitamin A induce P4502C7 mRNA expression in primary rat hepatocytes.
The effects of growth hormone (GH) and retinoids on P4502C7 mRNA levels were investigated in cultured primary hepatocytes from normal female rats. Northern blot analysis of total nucleic acids from hepatocytes maintained in culture for 90 hr showed low basal levels of P4502C7 mRNA, which were marginally increased after continuous treatment with GH. Retinal treatment gave a slightly higher induction than GH, whereas treatment with all-trans retinoic acid alone or with GH in combination with retinol induced P4502C7 mRNA to levels about one-third of those in normal female rat liver. The effects of retinoids on P4502C7 mRNA were dependent on both the dose and type of retinoid used. All-trans retinoic acid produced a saturable dose-response curve with a 50% maximal induction of P4502C7 mRNA at 1.5 microM. The isomer 9-cis retinoic acid showed a dose-dependent activation of P4502C7 mRNA similar to that of all-trans retinoic acid. Retinol gave a 50% maximal response at approximately 5 microM. In the presence of GH, the induction of P4502C7 mRNA appeared additive to the effect of retinol at all concentrations used and to all-trans retinoic acid at concentrations up to 1 microM. As determined by a quantitative solution hybridization assay, P4502C7 mRNA levels were induced 3-fold by GH, 5-fold by retinol, and 19-fold by all-trans retinoic acid. In the presence of GH, P4502C7 was induced 8-fold by retinol, whereas the induction by saturating concentration of all-trans retinoic acid showed no significant additional effect of GH. The importance of vitamin A for the expression of P4502C7 in vivo was confirmed by the low abundance of P4502C7 mRNA in vitamin A-deficient animals as compared with vitamin A-adequate control rats. Nuclear run-on experiments performed in cultured primary hepatocytes showed that both GH and retinoic acid exert their effects at the transcriptional level. We conclude that both GH and retinoids can induce P4502C7 mRNA in rat liver hepatocytes, retinoic acid being the dominant inducer.
Animals↗
[The superpill which prevents myocardial infarction].
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Humans↗
[What is a scientific publication? On science and cultural hierarchies in medical research].
Discussions have taken place about relevant criteria for "scientific publications". That such criteria exist is apparent when faculties of medicine issue guidelines for classification and quantification of scientific publications. In this article the authors focus on lack of clarity and consistency in the prevailing classifications; for example, that the language in which it is published appears to be essential as such. Different disciplines must of necessity have a variety of forms of publication, depending on the target groups for the different publications. It is argued that classification and evaluation of scientific publications should be based on a more nauanced academic standpoint.
Classification↗
[How is it going for the long-term sick-listed--and for us, their physicians?].
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Disability Evaluation↗
Allergic symptoms up to 4-6 years of age in children given cow milk neonatally. A prospective study.
In a previously published prospective study, we followed the development of allergic symptoms in term infants with a slightly reduced birthweight (-1 SD to -2 SD). These children received, according to local routine, early feeding with cow milk formula in order to diminish such neonatal problems as hypoglycemia and hyperbilirubinemia. Of 216 infants 207 were observed for allergic symptoms up to 18 months of age. One group (F) received cow milk formula during the first days of life before the mother's breastmilk production started and was then breastfed; the other (B) was not given any formula before normal breastfeeding started. Unexpectedly, we found fewer allergic symptoms, in particular allergic skin problems, in the group fed cow milk, the difference being concentrated to children with a family history of allergic symptoms. At 5 years of age 183 of the 207 children have been reinvestigated. Mild symptoms of allergy (suspected and obvious) were found in 22% (F) and 27% (B) respectively (NS). Moderate and severe symptoms of allergy (obvious) were found in 4.2% (F) and 4.5% (B). In the subgroup with a double family history of allergic symptoms, 28% (7/25, F) and 59% (10/17, B) had symptoms of allergy (p less than 0.05). This difference was even more pronounced when laboratory tests in favour of atopic diagnosis were included, 14% (F) and 53% (B) respectively (p less than 0.05). Thus at 5 years we still find a significantly lower frequency of allergic symptoms in the subgroup fed cow milk formula early with a family history of allergic symptoms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Transcriptional regulation of rat P-450 2C gene subfamily members by the sexually dimorphic pattern of growth hormone secretion.
The onset of the sexually dimorphic pattern of GH secretion and increased hepatic GH-binding capacity in rats at puberty is temporally correlated with the developmental induction of three hepatic cytochrome P-450s with steroid hydroxylase activity, P-450 IIC11, P-450 IIC12, and P-450 IIC13, and one cytochrome P-450 with vitamin A hydroxylase activity, P-450 IIC7. In this study we demonstrate that expression of the 2C11, 2C12, and 2C13 genes is modulated by GH at the level of transcriptional initiation both in vivo and in primary cultures of adult hepatocytes. In an effort to define the minimum sequence responsible for the inductive effects of GH, we have analyzed the ability of a 0.7-kilobase fragment isolated from the 5'-flank of the 2C12 gene, including the natural promoter, to drive transcription of a 320-basepair G-less cassette in vitro. We were unable to detect any substantial difference in RNA polymerase-II-dependent transcriptional efficiency toward the 2C12 promoter between liver nuclear extracts from normal and hypophysectomized rats of both sexes. This observation supports the assumption that the sequence information contained between bases -700 and 1 is sufficient to support basal transcription of the 2C12 gene. Sequence information residing 5' or 3' of the 0.7-kilobase 5'-flank or a higher ordered chromatin structure may be necessary for the sex-specific transcriptional activation of the 2C12 gene.
Animals↗
[Unemployment and ill health--or the other way around?].
In response to a recent article in Nord Med (No 11/91) this paper raises a critique of the reanalysis of two Nordic studies on the effects of unemployment on health: The model based on varying relationships between vocational ability and job requirement does not invalidate earlier findings. However, the interpretation of measurements of health in individual based follow-up studies warrants a discussion, as well as the external validity of their findings. Unemployment has been shown to affect health related behaviour, like consultation rates, referrals, sick leave and disability pension, in well controlled studies. These effects are of importance to the individuals and the health- and social services, regardless of their relation to disease in a biomedical sense.
Adult↗
Gene structure and expression of the rat cytochrome P450IIC13, a polymorphic, male-specific cytochrome in the P450IIC subfamily.
The male-specific CYP2C13 gene has been isolated from two independent rat genomic libraries. This gene spans more than 50 kb and contains eight introns which are subject to the GT-AG rule. Two allelic forms of the CYP2C13 gene were identified. Determination of the exonic sequences revealed that one of them encodes cytochrome P450(+g) and the other encodes cytochrome P450(-g). Using allele-specific restriction enzyme sites, a good correlation between the genotype and the phenotype of CYP2C13 was shown. Nucleotide substitutions between the (+g) and the (-g) genes exist not only in the exons but also in the introns and the 5'-flanking region. Although five nucleotide differences were identified within 287 base pairs of the (+g) and (-g) 5'-flanking regions, the transcription initiation sites were identical. In addition to a canonical TATA box located 31 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription, putative binding sites for the liver-enriched and liver-specific transcription factors HNF1/LF-B1/APF, HNF3, HNF4/AF-1, C/EBP, LAP, and eH-TF/TGT3 and the ubiquitous factors NF-1 and OTF-1 were identified.
Animals↗
[Unemployment and social medicine in our time].
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Humans↗
The structure of a factory closure: individual responses to job-loss and unemployment in a 10-year controlled follow-up study.
A prospective study has been conducted of 85 employees (72 women and 13 men) made redundant when a brisling sardine factory on the west coast of Norway was shut down in 1975. 87 employees (66 women and 21 men) in a 'sister factory' which was not shut down, were used as controls. Previous analyses have shown a substantial reduction in future employment of the study group, a two-fold increase in time consumed on sick leave during the first follow-up year, and a more than three-fold increase in the life-table based rates of disability pensions (invalidity) during the first four follow-up years compared to the controls. In this paper the follow-up data regarding six mutually exclusive and inclusive conditions related to employment and health have been analysed on a weeks per person per year basis, permitting the effects of job-loss over 10 years to be compared with what could have been expected had the factory not been closed. For those not subjected to old age pension or death, three kinds of long-term adaptation showed a marked differential effect among study subjects and controls: a substantial long-term reduction in mean time spent in job, an increase in consumption of time on disability pension, and an increase in time spent outside the labour force without social security coverage, the latter being mostly confined to women. These follow-up data provide a comprehensive picture of individual long-term adaptation to involuntary job-loss, emphasizing its effects on future employment, health, social readjustment and social security benefit consumption.
Absenteeism↗
Ischaemic heart disease among men in Norway during the period 1966-1985: two counties with different mortality time trends.
We have examined regional differences in mortality from ischaemic heart disease, including sudden, unexpected death (IHD/SUD), among Norwegian men aged 30-69 years, during the period 1966-1985. Mortality time trends were considered. The two counties with the most widely differing IHD/SUD mortality time trends were Rogaland and Oppland. Rogaland, located in south-western Norway, experienced a 24.1% IHD/SUD mortality rate decrease between 1966-1970 and 1981-1985, while Oppland, in central south-eastern Norway, experienced a mortality rate increase of 12.4%. Marked regional differences within these counties were found. The highest IHD/SUD mortality rate increase occurred in rural areas of Oppland. Urban areas of Rogaland had sharply decreasing rates. Knowledge of such regional mortality differences could provide useful information regarding aetiological factors and serve as a basis for preventive measures and health-care planning.
Adult↗
Health problems in Norwegians travelling to distant countries.
373 travellers to countries outside Europe and North America were recruited before departure summer 1988 at the Vaccination Office, Trondheim, Norway, and participated in a follow-up study on health problems related to travel. 313 of the travellers (84%) responded by answering a postal questionnaire one month after return; it dealt with prophylactic measures, life-style, and health problems associated with travelling. An 18% failure in malaria prophylaxis and some risk-taking behaviour related to alcohol and sex were recorded. Diarrhoea (usually mild) was reported by 59%; other symptoms were also frequent. Medical advice was sought by 18% while abroad; 7% consulted a doctor. Ill health made travelling less enjoyable than expected for 8%. After return, 25% had health problems; 9% saw a doctor, three travellers were hospitalized, and 6% were absent from work. Total morbidity was high, but seldom serious. Targeted advice, which can well be given by primary health care personnel, could help to reduce morbidity and risk behaviour and improve travellers' handling of ill health.
Adolescent↗
Growth hormone regulation of the cytochrome P-450IIC subfamily in the rat: inductive, repressive, and transcriptional effects on P-450f (IIC7) and P-450PB1 (IIC6) gene expression.
The effects of growth hormone (GH) on two constitutively expressed rat liver cytochrome P-450 (P-450) enzymes, namely P-450f (IIC7) and P-450PB1 (IIC6), have been investigated. Hypophysectomy of both male and female rats results in low expression of P-450f. Single daily injections of GH cannot restore expression of P-450f but further repress it. Continuous administration of GH, on the other hand, increases expression of P-450f to levels comparable to those of the normal male and female rat. P-450PB1 is minimally affected by hypophysectomy or GH treatment, although a weak but significant repression by continuous administration of GH can be detected. Run-on analysis shows that continuous GH treatment increases transcription of P-450f. In addition, the sequence of the 5' flanking region of this gene reveals DNA segments that might have a putative role in the transcriptional regulation of P-450f by GH.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
[Resources for mammography screening].
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Female↗
Long-term effects of a factory closure: unemployment and disability during ten years' follow-up.
The consequences of a factory closure on future employment, disability and death were investigated in a 10-year prospective follow-up study in a general practice setting. The study population consisted of 85 persons who lost their jobs when a brisling sardine factory close to Bergen in Norway was shut down in 1975. The employees of a nearby "sister factory" within the same company were chosen as a control population, consisting of 87 persons. After the factory closure, the annual employment rate of the study group showed a steady rise to a maximum level of 44% within 6 years, but even after 10 years never matched the employment rate of the controls. The cumulative rates of disability pension, granted for medical conditions only, was more than three times higher in the study group than among controls from the second through the fourth year of follow-up. This excess of disabilities then stayed relatively constant at approximately 17 per 100 persons from 5 to 10 years after the shut-down. Given present days' unemployment, the results of this investigation point to the importance of acknowledging a long-term effect of job-loss on health and social readjustment.
Adult↗
Anxiety in parents seeking pediatric care.
Interviewed parents of 103 children brought to a pediatric walk-in clinic, before and after seeing a physician. Previsit state anxiety was minimally related to parent perceptions of child's condition or the hospital. Anxiety, perception of child's discomfort, and perception of illness severity decreased while perceived understanding of child's illness increased postvisit. Parent perceptions of their child's condition and of the visit contributed little to the prediction of postvisit anxiety. Parent perceptions of their child's illness and the hospital were minimally related to their level of state anxiety when they brought their child to an acute care service. The visit with the physician decreased parent anxiety and improved parent perceptions of their child's condition, but these effects had little relationship to postvisit anxiety.
Acute Disease↗
Group-based training for general practice in Norway: making a new model work.
In operation since 1985, the Norwegian five-year postgraduate educational programme for general practitioners is based on one year's hospital training and four years of training in general practice. One of its main components is a two-year group-based educational programme. Since there was little previous experience to rely on when setting these groups to work, there has been some concern as to whether the system would work--and how. This paper summarizes the practical experience of the first 45 groups established, based on a questionnaire filled in by the group leaders during their third one-week trainer course. There had been few problems that were not solved by the groups themselves. All 45 groups, including 326 participants, fulfilled the 40 scheduled three-hour meetings within two and a half years. This group-based educational system is now an alternative to the traditional one-to-one trainer/trainee relationship established in many countries as a part of the postgraduate training for general practitioners.
Adult↗