Smoking and cancer of the ovary.
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Female↗
Biomedical subjects
S Nilsson
Publications and source records attributed to S Nilsson.
Smoking and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: nicotine and cotinine in serum and cervical mucus in smokers and nonsmokers.
A blood sample before treatment was taken from 35 women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Levels of nicotine and cotinine were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. Both cotinine and, especially, nicotine were shown to be strongly concentrated in cervical mucus compared with serum levels. These findings confirm the association shown in epidemiologic studies of smoking and cervical neoplasia. It cannot be concluded that smoking is a genuine cause of cervical neoplasia. However, the results support the concept that smoking is a true risk factor in cervical neoplasia.
Adult↗
Long-term followup of maximum concentrating ability and glomerular filtration rate in adult obstructed kidneys after pyeloplasty.
We investigated 34 patients with obstructed kidneys preoperatively and 8 to 10 years postoperatively concerning the separate glomerular filtration rate and maximum concentration ability. The mean glomerular filtration rate for the obstructed kidneys was approximately 10 per cent lower compared to that for the contralateral kidneys preoperatively and at followup. Although the mean value for obstructed kidneys was not improved at followup, kidneys with a decreased glomerular filtration rate preoperatively improved significantly after pyeloplasty. The maximum concentration ability was low preoperatively for the obstructed kidneys compared to the contralateral kidneys. The lowest maximum concentration ability was found in patients with a history of repeated upper urinary tract infections. At followup marked improvement was noted, which was most obvious for kidneys with severely reduced concentration ability preoperatively. However, the restoration was not total. There was a positive correlation between the improvement in glomerular filtration rate and improvement in maximum concentration ability.
Adult↗
Effect of venous stasis and physical exercise on plasma extracellular-superoxide dismutase.
The secretory protein extracellular-superoxide dismutase is the major superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoenzyme in the extracellular space. There is evidence to suggest that most extracellular-superoxide dismutase in the vascular system is bound to endothelial cell surfaces. Venous stasis and physical exercise is known to induce release of several endothelium-associated factors into the plasma. However, venous stasis and physical exercise were not found to induce any release of extracellular-superoxide dismutase into plasma. The plasma activity of the intracellular isoenzyme CuZn SOD was doubled by venous stasis.
Adult↗
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of hypoxanthine in cord plasma.
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the analysis of hypoxanthine in cord plasma. Cord plasma was precipitated with ammonium sulphate and after centrifugation the supernatant was injected into the chromatographic system. Separation of hypoxanthine was optimal with phosphate buffer (20 mmol/l, pH 7.65-7.75) as the mobile phase. Limit of determination using 200 microliter of the sample was found to be 1 mumol/l with a coefficient of variation of less than 10%. The imprecision of this method at the 10 mumol/l level was about 2%. The method described in this report for determination of hypoxanthine in cord plasma would also be suitable for determination of hypoxanthine in other biological fluids in clinical investigations. We have also determined reference values for hypoxanthine in citrate-preserved cord plasma. Rigorous sampling conditions and sample handling are important to achieve accurate results.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
Radioimmunodetection of prostatic cancer with 125I-labelled antibody against prostatic specific antigen.
A murine monoclonal antibody directed against human prostatic specific antigen was labelled with 125I and used in immunoscintigraphy studies of nude mice bearing xenografts of a human prostatic carcinoma cell line (DU-145). The antibody was injected intraperitoneally and the distribution was followed daily with the use of a gamma scintillation camera. Specific uptake was seen in the tumor, with optimal imaging 7-9 days after the injection of the radio-labelled antibody. Fab fragments of the radio labelled antibody were also investigated. These exhibited a strikingly shorter bio-distribution time, with optimal visualization of the tumor after 14-28 hours. Normal murine IgG and Fab fragments used in control experiments exhibited radioactivity that was comparable to that of normal tissue.
Animals↗
Expression of estramustine-binding protein (EMBP) and the proliferation-associated antigen Ki-67 in prostatic carcinomas.
The expression of EMBP and the proliferation-associated antigen Ki-67 was studied in in vitro cultured prostatic carcinoma cells and in tumor tissues removed by transurethral electroresection (TUR). EMBP was found to be expressed predominantly in the moderately differentiated carcinomas. A technique based on the immunohistochemical analysis of fine needle specimens was also evaluated. This technique is of potential interest in prospective studies and in monitoring the effect of therapy. Ki-67 was found to be expressed in the prostatic carcinoma cell line (DU-145) studied, as well as in TUR specimens. This antigen reflects the proliferative characteristics of the tumor and may prove useful with respect to prognostic information and choice of appropriate therapy.
Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
Occlusion of the duct system as a cause of sterility--diagnosis and results of treatment.
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Epididymis↗
Penile cancer: is there an epidemiological role for smoking and sexual behaviour?
A retrospective study was carried out to determine whether penile cancer, like cervical cancer, was associated with smoking and sexual behaviour. Altogether 244 men with penile cancer and 232 matched controls completed a questionnaire by post or telephone. Data on marital state, socioeconomic group, occupation, history of phimosis and balanitis, sexual behaviour, and smoking were obtained. The results of statistical analyses confirmed that phimosis and balanitis were risk factors for penile cancer, but there was no epidemiological evidence for it being a sexually transmitted disease. Smoking was a risk factor with a dose-response relation and remained associated with penile cancer even after adjustment for confounding factors. Penile cancer is associated with smoking independently of phimosis; treatment of phimosis alone does not remove the risk caused by smoking.
Aged↗
Use of protein G for preparation and characterization of rabbit antibodies against rat adipose tissue hormone-sensitive lipase.
The newly described immunoglobulin G-binding streptococcal surface protein, protein G, was used to prepare and characterize rabbit antibodies. The antibodies were directed against rat hormone-sensitive lipase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the hydrolysis of the triacylglycerols stored in adipose tissue. Antiserum was obtained after two injections with 20 micrograms enzyme protein, and the immunoglobulin fraction was obtained using a protein G-based solid-phase radioimmunoassay. The hydrolysis of acylglycerols by the enzyme was inhibited by the antibodies, and the enzyme could be efficiently removed from a solution using the antibodies and heat-killed streptococci expressing surface protein G. By Western blot and detection with 125I-protein G, the antibodies were found to selectively bind to hormone-sensitive lipase and to a smaller extent to two minor contaminants, possibly proteolytic fragments of the lipase. The amount of 125I-labelled protein G bound to the lipase on the blot was quantitatively related to the amount of enzyme protein down to the detection limit 10 ng.
Adipose Tissue↗
Purification of streptococcal protein G expressed by Escherichia coli by high performance liquid affinity chromatography using immobilized immunoglobulin G and albumin.
A one-step HPLC method was developed for the purification of protein G, a cell wall molecule from group C and G streptococci with immunoglobulin G- and albumin-binding properties. Lysed Escherichia coli bacteria infected with lambda-phages containing the protein G gene from group G streptococci were used as a starting material for the preparations. The lysate was applied to a column with immobilized human immunoglobulin G or human serum albumin. Protein G was selectively bound and eluted at pH 2.0. A 750-fold purification was achieved. Sodium dodecylsulfate + polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the highly purified protein G consisted of three sets of doublets with the apparent molecular weight of 64 and 67, 56 and 58, and 45 and 47 kilodaltons, respectively. A specific method for quantitation of small amounts of protein G was developed and used for specific tracing of the protein after the affinity chromatography. Goat polyclonal antibodies were bound to an antigen coated to the plastic walls of microtiter plates, causing the Fc-region of the immunoglobulins to be directed outwards. Unknown samples of protein G were then allowed to compete with radio-iodinated protein G (solid phase radioassay) or protein G coupled to alkaline phosphatase (enzyme linked sorbent assay) for the Fc-regions.
Bacterial Proteins↗
Pathway-specific connections between peptide-containing preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the vagus nerve of the toad (Bufo marinus).
We have examined immunohistochemically the distribution of postganglionic nerve cell bodies and their preganglionic inputs in the vagus nerve of the toad, Bufo marinus. Nerve cell bodies containing immunoreactivity (IR) to somatostatin (SOM) were found at the origin of the oesophago-gastric ramus; these neurons projected to the lung. Cell bodies with SOM-IR also occurred in the intracardiac branches of the vagus, but were absent from the distal segments of the pulmonary and oesophageal rami of the vagus. Cell bodies with IR to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) also occurred at the origin of the oesophago-gastric ramus, but most of these neurons projected to the oesophagus. Most neurons in the distal pulmonary and oesophageal rami were VIP-IR. Some nerve cell bodies in the vagosympathetic trunk and in the intracardiac rami contained both SOM-IR and VIP-IR. Vagal preganglionic nerve fibres with IR both to a somatostatin-like peptide and to substance P were associated exclusively with those postganglionic VIP-IR neurons that projected to the oesophagus. These results provide evidence for highly specific connections between immunohistochemically defined populations of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the vagus nerve.
Animals↗
Pilot study to evaluate a new regimen to treat climacteric complaints with cyclic combined oestradiol valerate/medroxyprogesterone acetate.
Nineteen post-menopausal women suffering from climacteric complaints were treated with a cyclic regimen comprising 25 days on 2 mg oestradiol valerate and 5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate daily, followed by a 5-day treatment-free interval. The mean duration of treatment was 20.2 mth. Control of bleeding was good; 9 women had slight monthly bleeding, 8 no bleeding at all, and 2 had only irregular spotting during the follow-up period. An endometrial biopsy was taken in 9 women in whom the mean duration of treatment was 30 mth. All endometrial biopsies showed an atrophic endometrium. A larger, randomized comparative study is now planned.
Adult↗
Intrapelvic pressure and caliceal dilatation in the evaluation of intermittent hydronephrosis.
We investigated 10 patients with suspected unilateral hydronephrosis and normal or minimal widening of the calices or renal pelvis on routine urography by high rate perfusion of the renal pelvis and simultaneous intrapelvic pressure measurement. All affected kidneys had reduced renal function (26 +/- 7 ml. per minute per 1.73 body surface area) evaluated from total and separate glomerular filtration rate studies using 51chromium-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid clearance technique and isotope renography. Four patients without signs of obstruction operated upon because of renal calculi were used as controls with separate glomerular filtration rates greater than 40 ml. per minute per 1.73 body surface area bilaterally. The drainage function of the renal pelvis was studied by diuresis renography, simultaneous intrapelvic pressure measurement and fluoroscopy during infusion of roentgen contrast medium at a constant rate of 10.5 ml. per minute. The caliceal dilatation was calculated from planimetrical measurement of defined calices. The intrapelvic pressure gradually increased in all kidneys to a maximum value varying from 25 to 81 cm. water (average 47 +/- 15). In the control kidneys the intrapelvic pressure varied from 10 to 18 cm. water (average 14 +/- 3). Significant dilatation of the caliceal system did not occur until intrapelvic pressure values above 25 cm. water were measured. Caliceal dilatation and maximal intrapelvic pressure were correlated significantly to each other at a correlation coefficient of 0.95. Intrapelvic pressure flow measurement with contrast medium and roentgen film exposure at the time of increased pressure proved to be a useful method to diagnose outflow obstruction. The test was of particular value in cases of clinically suspected intermittent hydronephrosis, giving more reliable information than conventional renography and diuretic urography. The test could be used even when the glomerular filtration rate was decreased, thereby providing information on the presence of obstruction in cases when conventional renography and diuresis urography sometimes fail.
Adult↗
Plasma extracellular-superoxide dismutase in the acute phase response induced by surgical trauma and inflammatory disorders.
Trauma, inflammatory disorders and other perturbations induce the so-called acute phase response in organisms. The phenomenon encompasses many physiological alterations including typical changes in plasma proteins. Often an accumulation and activation of superoxide radical-producing leucocytes occurs at the site of perturbation. The major enzymic protector against superoxide radicals in plasma and other extracellular fluids is extracellular-superoxide dismutase. The acute phase response of extracellular-superoxide dismutase was investigated in two groups, one comprising 13 patients in the postoperative period after surgical trauma and the other 15 patients with various inflammatory disorders. No significant positive or negative acute phase response of plasma extracellular-superoxide dismutase was revealed.
Acute-Phase Proteins↗
Conservative management of the abnormal smear during pregnancy. A long-term follow-up.
One hundred and thirty-two pregnant women who had a smear suggestive of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) II or more during the 10th to 12th gestational week, were followed with repeated smears and colposcopy every month and, when indicated, a colposcopically guided biopsy. Post-partum follow-up included cytology, colposcopy, portio biopsies and endocervical curettage. Seventy-nine women with normal findings post partum were checked once a year in a long-term study. A close correlation (71% of CINIII) was found between cytological and histological diagnoses in cases of persistent (three or more) abnormal smears. However, in women with regression of the cytological diagnosis, high frequencies of histologically verified CIN were found. Thus, 37.5% (18/48) of normal or CINI smears were histologically still CINIII. Histologically verified CIN during pregnancy, on the other hand, showed a post partum progression of two degrees or more of CIN in only two cases. Cytology seemed to be inappropriate post partum, with 23.3% smears which were normal or suggestive of CINI, when histology showed CINIII. In a long-term follow-up, 24% of women with a normal post partum follow-up for at least one year had a subsequent recurrence of CIN. It is concluded that follow-up of abnormal smears during pregnancy with repeated smears is not a reliable method. Post-partum follow-up should include at least colposcopy and a biopsy when indicated by the colposcopical examination. Women with a normal post partum follow-up constitute a high risk group for future recurrence of CIN and should be carefully followed for at least 5 years.
Adult↗
Cholinergic and adrenergic influence on the teleost heart in vivo.
The tonical cholinergic and adrenergic influence on the heart rate was investigated in vivo in seven species of marine teleosts (pollack, Pollachius pollachius; cuckoo wrasse, Labrus mixtus; ballan wrasse, Labrus berggylta; five-bearded rockling, Ciliata mustela; tadpole fish, Raniceps raninus; eel-pout, Zoarces viviparus and short-spined sea scorpion, Myoxocephalus scor pius) during rest and, in two of the species (P. pollachius and L. mixtus), also during moderate swimming exercise in a Blazka-type swim tunnel. Ventral aortic blood pressure and heart rate were recorded via a catheter implanted in an afferent branchial artery, and the influence of the cholinergic and adrenergic tonus on the heart rate was assessed by injection of atropine and sotalol respectively. During rest the adrenergic tonus was higher than the cholinergic tonus in all species except L. berggylta, where the reverse was true. In P. pollachius and L. mixtus, exercise appeared to produce a lowering of the cholinergic tonus on the heart and, possibly, a slight increase of the adrenergic tonus. The nature of the adrenergic tonus (humoral or neural) is not clear, but the low plasma concentrations of catecholamines both during rest and exercise could be interpreted in favour of a mainly neural adrenergic tonus on the teleost heart. These experiments are compatible with the view that both a cholinergic inhibitory tonus and an adrenergic excitatory tonus are general features in the control of the teleost heart in vivo, both at rest and during moderate swimming exercise.
Animals↗
The prophylactic effect of doxycycline on postoperative infection rate after first-trimester abortion.
A prospective double-blind study was performed to evaluate the effect of prophylactic antibiotic treatment before induced abortion. Eight hundred consecutive women admitted for first-trimester abortion, without signs of genital infection or antibiotic use in the last three weeks, were included in the study. Doxycycline 400 mg or placebo was given as a single oral dose ten to 12 hours before vacuum aspiration. Ninety-one women (11.8%) returned to the hospital with suspected complications. Thirty-two of these women were diagnosed as having pelvic inflammatory disease, eight of whom (2.1%) had received doxycycline before the abortion and 24 of whom (6.2%) had received placebo, a statistically significant difference (P less than .01). A history of pelvic inflammatory disease increased the risk of developing it again after an abortion.
Age Factors↗