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Biomedical subjects

S L Yankell

Publications and source records attributed to S L Yankell.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Efficacy of chewing gum in preventing extrinsic tooth staining.

The purpose of this six-week clinical study was to determine the efficacy of sugar-free chewing gum versus no chewing on preventing Peridex (0.12% chlorhexidine)-associated stain. One-hundred and fifty healthy adult subjects, categorized by tea or coffee intake and smoking, were randomly assigned to a chewing or no chewing gum group. All subjects were given Peridex and an ADA-approved toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste to use twice a day. Gum was chewed for 20 minutes five times each day, after toothbrushing and Peridex rinse in the morning and evening, and after each meal. At baseline, all subjects received a professional cleaning to remove all supragingival deposits and extrinsic strain. At three and six weeks, safety and stain intensity and area were monitored on the anterior teeth and posterior Ramfjord teeth using the Lobene stain scoring method. Seventy-two subjects in each group completed the study. Attrition was unrelated to product use. No untoward reactions were reported or observed at any time in the study. At the six-week evaluations, the chewing gum group exhibited significantly lower (p < 0.05-0.001) total stain scores on both anterior and posterior areas evaluated compared to the no chewing group scores. In addition to the stain evaluations, a randomly selected subset of 60 subjects was evaluated for gingivitis at baseline prior to cleaning, and at three and six weeks, on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the Ramfjord teeth. Both the chewing gum and no chewing gum subset subjects had a significant decrease in gingivitis scores from baseline to three weeks (p < 0.001) and from baseline to six weeks (p < 0.05-0.001). There were no significant statistical differences between the two groups at anytime during the study on gingivitis levels. Chewing gum, after product use, did not reduce the efficacy of chlorhexidine on gingivitis scores.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

A thirty-day evaluation of the Rowenta Dentiphant powered toothbrush in children for safety and efficacy.

A thirty-day clinical trial was undertaken with second grade school children to assess the safety and efficacy of a new battery-powered toothbrush (Rowenta Dentiphant) compared to the manual Oral-B 20 toothbrush. The children from four class rooms were individually and randomly assigned to use either product for the thirty days. The children reported to school having not brushed the morning of each assessment at baseline, 15 days and 30 days. Following the gingivitis assessment and given a pre-brushing plaque assessment, the children were instructed on the use of the toothbrush as they then brushed their teeth for a timed 1 minute out of sight of the examiners. The children were then reassessed for plaque removal. The results demonstrated that the children using the Rowenta powered toothbrush became used to the brush and improved their cleaning efficiency during the study. By week two, the buccal plaque scores for the Rowenta brush were significantly lower (p < 0.05) compared to the Oral-B 20 group. By week four the Rowenta subjects had significantly lower buccal and lingual plaque scores after brushing, while the Oral-B 20 subjects had significantly lower buccal scores after toothbrushing, but no significant difference was found after brushing on lingual surfaces for plaque removal. On total plaque area scores, the Rowenta group was significantly lower (p < 0.01) than the Oral-B 20 group at both two and four weeks. The Rowenta group had a 10% reduction in plaque area after brushing comparing baseline to four weeks. The Oral-B group demonstrated no percentage difference in after brushing plaque scores from baseline to four weeks. On gingivitis, the Rowenta group had significantly lower buccal and lingual mean scores compared to the Oral-B 20 group at week two, and lingual mean scores compared to the Oral-B 20 group at week four. The Rowenta group demonstrated a 27% decrease in lingual gingivitis scores compared to baseline, while the Oral-B group had an 11% decrease in lingual gingivitis scores from baseline to four weeks. Total gingivitis scores for the Rowenta group were significantly lower (p < 0.01-0.001) at both weeks two and four compared to the Oral-B 20 group, with percentage declines from baseline to four weeks being 22% and 12%, respectively. The Rowenta Dentiphant toothbrush was found to be safe to use. On total plaque and gingivitis reduction, the Rowenta Dentiphant toothbrush was found to be significantly superior to the Oral-B 20 manual toothbrush by two weeks of use and this continued to the conclusion of the study.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

A six-month clinical evaluation of the Dentrust toothbrush.

Clinical study guidelines have been established by the American Dental Association for assessing plaque and gingivitis reductions with chemotherapeutic agents. Two six-month studies are required. While the toothbrush is also instrumental in plaque and gingivitis reduction, there are currently no study requirements by the ADA for manual brush efficacy. It was thought to apply the long-term efficacy requirements for chemotherapeutic agents to two manual toothbrushes to assess their efficacy for comparative purposes. Forty-eight subjects using the Dentrust toothbrush and forty-five subjects using the Oral-B toothbrush completed a six-month study to assess safety, plaque removal and gingivitis reduction. The subjects were randomly assigned to use either the newly designed (three sided) Dentrust toothbrush or the traditional flat-headed toothbrush. The subjects took their respective toothbrushes home following a baseline evaluation, and were subsequently assessed at three and six months by the same examiners with the same indices in this single-blind trial. There were no significant differences between the two groups on plaque removal during the study. At six months, the Dentrust group removed a significant amount of both buccal and lingual plaque and the flat-headed toothbrush removed a significant amount of buccal plaque only. On gingivitis the groups had no significant differences at baseline; however, by six months the Dentrust group was significantly better than the flat-headed toothbrush on gingivitis reduction. Long-term use of the Dentrust toothbrush can be said to significantly contribute to gingival health overall, and especially in the hard to reach lingual areas compared to long-term use of a traditional flat-head toothbrush.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

A comparative clinical evaluation of the Wisdom Straight, Plaque Control and Angled toothbrushes compared to the Oral-B 35.

Three Wisdom toothbrushes, the Straight, Plaque Control and Angled, were compared to the Oral-B 35 toothbrush for clinical safety and efficacy. The 30-day testing protocol conformed to the American Dental Association's program guidelines for manual toothbrushes. No irritation was observed nor reported at anytime for any of the toothbrushes evaluated. All toothbrushes tested were effective in reducing plaque area, gingivitis and bleeding on probing over the 30 days of the study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Laboratory and clinical stain removal evaluations of two tartar control dentifrices.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate Colgate original Tartar Control dentifrice (TC) and new Colgate Micro Cleansing Tartar Control (MCTC) dentifrice in a laboratory and clinical study for their ability to remove induced stain. In the laboratory study, polished and etched bovine enamel specimens were stained for 4 days with a coffee, tea, and mucin, Sarcina lutea tartox culture in trypticase soy broth. Sixteen specimens were then brushed for 200 strokes with a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution to remove loose stain, and then brushed for 300 strokes with a 1:1 toothpaste slurry. Tooth color was measured by reflectance with the CLE L*a*b* scale. The calculated stain removal, 37% for MCTC and 24% for TC, was significantly different (p<0.01) favoring the MCTC dentifrice. In the clinical study, eight-six subjects were given Peridex (0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate) mouthrinse, a low abrasive dentifrice and a soft toothbrush to use twice a day for 8 weeks. Stain was monitored on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the anterior teeth using the Lobene index. The seventy-seven subjects with sufficient total stain were stratified into two balanced groups, given a new soft toothbrush and were randomly assigned to use one of the dentifrices tested, twice a day for 8 weeks. At 4, 6 and 8 weeks in the study, the MCTC dentifrice product had consistent, significantly (p<0.05-0.001) lower total stain scores than the TC dentifrice. In the laboratory and clinical studies conducted, even though stain induction and evaluation procedures differed, the new Colgate Micro Cleansing Tartar Control dentifrice was significantly more effective at removing stain than the Colgate original Tartar Control dentifrice formula.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Laboratory interproximal access efficacy of two compact manual toothbrushes.

The Colgate Precision Compact, soft texture toothbrush and the Oral-B 35 toothbrush were compared using a laboratory device designed to simulate clinical toothbrushing motions and pressures. The toothbrushing time was sixty seconds for each vertical or horizontal toothbrushing sequence, for each of the three brushing weights tested (250, 500 or 750 g). Interproximal access efficacy (IAE) was determined by measuring the maximum width of the brushing stroke on pressure-sensitive paper placed around simulated anterior or posterior teeth. Twenty-four toothbrushes of each design were evaluated for each toothbrushing motion, tooth shape and toothbrushing weight. Using the vertical toothbrushing motion on anterior teeth, IAE means for the Colgate Precision Compact toothbrush were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the Oral-B 35 toothbrush at 250 and 750 g of brushing weight. With vertical toothbrushing across posterior-shaped teeth, IAE values for the Colgate Precision Compact toothbrush were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the Oral-B 35 toothbrush at each of the 250, 500 and 750 g brushing weights tested. With horizontal toothbrushing motions, the Colgate Precision Compact toothbrush had significantly higher (p < 0.001) IAE means, compared to the Oral-B 35 toothbrush, on both anterior and posterior tooth shapes and at each of the brushing weights tested. When all factors tested were combined, the total IAE for the Colgate Precision Compact toothbrush was significantly superior (p < 0.001) to the Oral-B 35 toothbrush.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Thirty-day evaluation of the action toothbrush for clinical safety and efficacy.

A 30-day clinical investigation was undertaken in accordance with American Dental Association guidelines for evaluating toothbrush efficacy and safety. The test toothbrush was a unique design incorporating bristles mounted in base quadrants that have independent movements under brushing pressure. This toothbrush (Action) was tested against the Oral-B 35, an accepted ADA toothbrush, to evaluate safety, gingivitis reduction, bleeding on probing and plaque removal. Twenty-nine randomly assigned subjects in the Action group and 27 subjects in the Oral-B group completed the study under single-blind conditions. At baseline, day 15 and day 30 the subjects reported for the assessments after not having brushed for 12-14 hours. When the data were analyzed at the conclusion of the study, it was found that the Action brush significantly removed plaque from both buccal and lingual surfaces, whereas the Oral-B brush had significant plaque removal on buccal surfaces alone, at baseline and day 15. By the end of the study the two brushes were at parity and both demonstrated significant total plaque removal. On gingivitis, the Action group demonstrated a significant reduction on both buccal and lingual surfaces by the end of the study. The Oral-B group had a significant buccal surface reduction, however no reduction occurred on lingual surfaces. Both brushes demonstrated a significant reduction in bleeding on probing from baseline to day 30. No oral irritation was found throughout the study. The Action toothbrush was judged to be safe for regular use and to be effective in removing both buccal and lingual plaque, for reducing gingivitis and bleeding on probing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Laboratory interproximal access efficacy comparison of bi-level and flat bristled toothbrushes.

A laboratory method for testing interproximal access efficacy (IAE) differentiates between different toothbrush designs and has been correlated with clinical plaque removal efficacy. The purpose of this study was to compare the bi-level trim Advanced Design Research (ADR) toothbrush with two flat-trim toothbrushes, Oral-B 40 (OB) and Colgate Plus Full Size (CPFS) toothbrushes, all in soft texture, for IAE using this laboratory method. Vertical and horizontal motions were used on simulated anterior and posterior tooth shapes at 250, 500, and 750 g brushing weights. Brushing times were 60 seconds. IAE is a measurement of the maximum width of the brushing stroke around the simulated teeth. Sixteen brushes of each design were tested for each parameter monitored. For both brushing motions and tooth shapes tested, at the 250 g brushing weight, ADR had significantly higher IAE (p < 0.01 by ANOVA) compared to OB and CPFS. The IAE values at 500 g for ADR were consistently higher than the other two brushes, while not always significantly different. At 750 g the three brushes approximated each other on IAE and were equally effective. When total IAE (means of all weights tested) were evaluated, the ADR was superior (p < 0.05 by the Student's t-test) to the OB and CPFS products. In this laboratory study, the Advanced Design Research toothbrush had consistently and significantly higher interproximal access efficacy compared to the Oral-B and Colgate Plus toothbrushes. These results were predictive of a recent clinical plaque removal study.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

A study of gingival irritation and plaque removal following a three-minute toothbrushing.

Twenty-five subjects were assessed for plaque and soft tissue safety monitored by gingival irritation the first thing in the morning of day one following no toothbrushing for 12-14 hours. Subjects then brushed with either the Dentrust (manual toothbrush), Crest Complete (manual toothbrush) or Interplak (mechanical toothbrush) for a timed three minutes under supervision. The toothbrush assignments were by a table of random numbers. Following brushing, the subjects were assessed immediately for levels of plaque and gingival irritation. The subjects were then recalled three hours later for another assessment of plaque levels and residual gingival irritation from the morning toothbrushing. After three or four days the subjects were recalled to test an alternate toothbrush. Three or four days later the subjects were recalled to test the final toothbrush. Levels of irritation severity were evaluated using standard soft tissue examination procedures, and after rinsing with disclosing solution and photography, with subsequent blind judging of stain intensity and area on the gingiva by a panel of three experienced investigators. In the first morning assessment there was no significant difference among plaque or gingival appearance or stain uptake levels of the three groups before using the three toothbrushes. Immediately following toothbrushing, the three groups exhibited similar levels of plaque removal and clinical or stain-related gingival irritation. There was no significant statistical difference among the plaque or safety evaluations, although the Interplak toothbrush demonstrated higher irritation levels judged by stain uptake than the manual toothbrushes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Clinical and computer-assisted evaluations of the stain removal ability of the Sonicare electronic toothbrush.

Two single-blind clinical studies investigated the stain removal properties of Sonicare, a new electronic toothbrush that combines sonic vibrations and dynamic fluid activity with mechanical scrubbing to clean tooth surfaces. In one study, 30 subjects used a 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse (Peridex) for two weeks to accumulate stain, and then were assigned to either Sonicare or a manual toothbrush (Oral-B P-35). The subjects brushed with their assigned device for 2 minutes twice a day. In a second study, 19 subjects with extrinsic stain due to coffee, tea, or tobacco (CTT) causes were randomly assigned to either Sonicare or a manual toothbrush (Crest Complete). These subjects also brushed for 2 minutes twice a day, with additional brushing on the stained areas. Stain on the labial surfaces of the subjects' anterior teeth was evaluated with the Lobene index at the pretrial, 2-week, and 4-week periods. Clinical analysis indicated that use of Sonicare resulted in Peridex stain reductions of 54% and 50% after 2 and 4 weeks, respectively, and reductions in CTT stain of 39% and 82% at similar time points. The manual toothbrush resulted in stain increases of 4% and 24% in the Peridex study and CTT stain decreases of 41% and 39% after 2- and 4-week brushing periods. Computer image analysis was performed on photographic records from the CTT stain study and showed a high correlation with the Lobene index (r = 0.82). The results of these two independent studies indicate that Sonicare is superior to the manual toothbrushes studied in removing both Peridex and CTT stains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Clinical study to assess the stain removal efficacy of two tartar control dentifrices and a low abrasive dentifrice.

Significant differences in stain removal have been demonstrated in a laboratory study comparing two tartar control dentifrices: Platinum, containing 1.3% soluble pyrophosphate and 1.5% of a copolymer, and Crest Tartar Control, containing 5% soluble pyrophosphate. The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the same tartar control dentifrices, and a low abrasive dentifrice for their ability to reduce Peridex-induced stain. Eighty-five subjects were given Peridex (0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate) and a low abrasive dentifrice for 4 weeks. The 76 subjects with sufficient stain were stratified using the Lobene index on buccal and lingual surfaces of anterior teeth, and randomly assigned one of the three dentifrices for 8 weeks. At the end of the study, total stain evaluations were significantly lower in the Platinum dentifrice group (mean 0.84) compared to both Crest Tartar Control dentifrice (1.08) and the low abrasive dentifrice (1.09) at p<0.05 by ANOVA. In this 8-week clinical study, Platinum dentifrice was significantly more effective than Crest Tartar Control dentifrice or a low abrasive dentifrice in reducing Peridex-induced stain, and this finding correlates well with laboratory data on removal of tea and coffee stain.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Laboratory interproximal access efficacy comparison of a rippled bristles toothbrush and a flat manual toothbrush.

The Colgate Plus Rippled Bristles toothbrush and the Oral-B 40 toothbrush were compared using a laboratory device designed to stimulate clinical toothbrushing motions and pressures and measure interproximal access efficacy. The toothbrushing time was sixty seconds for each vertical or horizontal toothbrushing sequence and for each of the three brushing weights tested (250, 500 or 750 grams). Interproximal access efficacy was determined by measuring the maximum width of the brushing stroke on pressure-sensitive paper placed around simulated anterior or posterior teeth. Twenty-four toothbrushes of each design were evaluated for each toothbrushing motion, tooth shape and toothbrushing weight. With vertical toothbrushing motions, the Colgate Rippled toothbrush had significantly higher (p < 0.001) interproximal access efficacy means compared to the Oral-B 40 toothbrush, on anterior tooth shapes at the 250 and 500 grams of brushing weights and on posterior tooth shapes at all of the brushing weights tested. Using the horizontal toothbrushing motion on anterior teeth, the interproximal access efficacy for the Colgate Rippled toothbrush was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the Oral-B 40 toothbrush at 250 and 500 grams of brushing weights. With horizontal toothbrushing across posterior-shaped teeth, interproximal access efficacy values for the Colgate Rippled toothbrush were significantly higher (p < 0.05-0.001) than the Oral-B 40 toothbrush at all of the brushing weights tested. When the various parameters tested were combined for all brushing weights, both brushing motions or both tooth shapes, interproximal access efficacy means for the Colgate Rippled toothbrush were higher (p < 0.05-0.001) than the combined means for the Oral-B toothbrush. When all factors tested were combined, total interproximal access efficacy for the Colgate Rippled toothbrush was significantly superior (p<0.001) to the Oral-B 40 toothbrush.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

Laboratory and clinical evaluations of the Jordan Exact toothbrush.

A new toothbrush, the Jordan Exact, has been compared with a flat multitufted toothbrush, the Oral-B 35 toothbrush. In a laboratory study the Jordan Exact toothbrush had significantly higher interproximal access, compared to the Oral-B 35, combining all toothbrushing pressures tested, using either vertical or horizontal brushing motions on simulated molar teeth. Clinical safety and efficacy were evaluated in a 30-day single blind study. Evaluations of plaque mean scores were recorded before and after a one minute brushing at baseline, day 15 and day 30. At the same time periods, assessments of irritation, gingivitis and bleeding on probing were conducted. No oral irritation from either toothbrush was observed or reported throughout the test period. At all examinations there were no significant differences in overnight plaque scores. After brushing, an analysis of covariance on plaque area scores revealed that the Jordan Exact toothbrush removed significantly more plaque than the Oral-B 35 toothbrush. By day 30, the Jordan Exact toothbrush significantly reduced gingivitis on buccal surfaces but no significant change was observed in the Oral-B 35 group. Subjects using the Jordan Exact toothbrush had a significant decline in bleeding on probing; subjects in the Oral-B 35 toothbrush group had no significant change over the 30 days of the study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Six-month evaluation of Parodontax dentifrice compared to a placebo dentifrice.

Parodontax dentifrice, containing herbal ingredients and a sodium bicarbonate abrasive, has shown antiplaque effectiveness in laboratory and short term clinical studies. This study was to evaluate the efficacy of Parodontax versus a calcium carbonate placebo dentifrice using American Dental Association guidelines. Subjects (128) were randomly assigned to the two groups. Indices used were plaque area, gingivitis, bleeding on probing and stain at baseline, three and six months of unsupervised home use. With a minimal acceptable level of significance set at p < .05, the results of the ANOVA found no differences between the two groups on any parameter monitored at baseline or on the stain scores between the groups at any point in the study. Plaque area scores decreased with time in both groups and at three and six months Parodontax was significantly lower compared to the placebo on total surfaces. At six months, gingivitis scores decreased significantly in both groups compared to baseline. Bleeding on probing scores at six months were significantly lower in the Parodontax group compared to the placebo group. In this clinical study Parodontax dentifrice was found to be an effective agent for reducing plaque area, bleeding on probing and gingivitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Comparative laboratory evaluation of two new toothbrushes regarding interproximal access efficacy.

The Colgate Precision toothbrush and the Crest Complete toothbrush were compared using a laboratory device designed to simulate clinical toothbrushing motions and pressures, allowing measurement of interproximal access efficacy. The toothbrushing time was sixty seconds for each vertical or horizontal toothbrushing motion and for each of the three brushing weights tested (250, 500 or 750g). Interproximal access efficacy was determined by measuring the maximum width of the brushing stroke on pressure-sensitive paper placed around simulated anterior or posterior-shaped teeth. Twenty-four toothbrushes of each design were evaluated for each toothbrushing motion, tooth shape and toothbrushing weight for a total of 576 measurements. Using vertical toothbrushing motions the Colgate Precision toothbrush had significantly higher (p < 0.01) interproximal access efficacy mean values, compared to the Crest Complete toothbrush on both anterior and posterior tooth shapes and at each of the brushing weights tested. Using the horizontal toothbrushing motion on anterior-shaped teeth, the interproximal access efficacy for the Colgate Precision toothbrush was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than the Crest Complete toothbrush at 750g of brushing weight. With horizontal toothbrushing across posterior-shaped teeth, interproximal access efficacy values for the Colgate Precision toothbrush were significantly greater (p < 0.01) than the Crest Complete toothbrush at the 250, 500 and 750g brushing weights tested.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

Comparative laboratory evaluation of three toothbrushes regarding interproximal access efficacy.

A new toothbrush from the Colgate-Palmolive Company, called the Colgate Precision toothbrush, was compared to the Oral-B 40 toothbrush and Reach Full-Head soft toothbrush using a laboratory device designed to simulate clinical toothbrushing motions and pressures. The toothbrushing time was sixty seconds for each vertical or horizontal brushing motion and for each of the three brushing weights tested, 250, 500 or 750 grams. Interproximal access efficacy was determined by measuring the maximum width of the brushing stroke measured on pressure sensitive paper placed around the simulated anterior or posterior teeth. Twenty-four toothbrushes of each design were evaluated for each toothbrushing motion, tooth shape and toothbrushing weight for a total of 864 measurements. In all studies conducted, the Colgate Precision toothbrush had statistically superior total interproximal access efficacy scores compared to the Oral-B and Reach toothbrushes. In several assessments the Reach toothbrush was superior to the Oral-B 40 toothbrush.

Analysis of Variance↗