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Biomedical subjects

S L Jones

Publications and source records attributed to S L Jones.

232 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Genetics: changing health care in the 21st century.

Advances in human genetics are rapidly changing the scope of information and care that can be provided to health care consumers. By the year 2005 it is expected that the entire human genome will be mapped and all 70,000-100,000 genes will be identified. Currently, there are more than 5,000 known single-gene disorders. With the movement of specialized health services into the primary care setting, nurses increasingly will need to be knowledgeable about genetic disorders, screening/diagnostic tests, and implications for health care. In addition, the management of genetic information raises issues of informed consent, privacy and confidentiality, truth telling and disclosure, and nondiscrimination.

Causality↗
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Electrolyte disturbances in foals with severe rhabdomyolysis.

Marked electrolyte abnormalities characterized by profound hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia were noted in 4 neonatal foals with acute rhabdomyolysis and pigmenturia. In 2 foals, rhabdomyolysis developed 4-6 days after admission for dysmaturity, and in 2 foals, rhabdomyolysis was evident on presentation. Rhabdomyolysis was a consequence of selenium deficiency with or without vitamin E deficiency, possibly combined with increased oxidant stress due to sepsis or hypoxia and reperfusion injury after parturition. Foals gained from 7 to 15% of their initial body weight within 48 hours of developing rhabdomyolysis. Three of the foals developed cardiac arrhythmias characterized by spiked T waves and decreased-amplitude P waves. Postmortem examination of 2 foals revealed extensive myodegeneration and renal tubular nephrosis; renal cortical necrosis with myocardial necrosis was noted in 1 foal. Destruction of the major intracellular compartment (intracellular fluid [ICF]) through extensive myonecrosis combined, in some cases, with myoglobinuric renal insufficiency produced major fluid shifts and life-threatening electrolyte derangements. With the major ICF compartment disrupted, hyperkalemia was most effectively treated using mineralocorticoids, loop diuretics, and ion exchange resins to enhance elimination. In addition, i.v. calcium, glucose, insulin, and sodium bicarbonate were administered, which helped redistribute potassium to the ICF. Severe rhabdomyolysis should be included in the differential diagnoses of hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia in neonatal foals.

Animals↗
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Microcarrier enhanced survival of human and rat fetal ventral mesencephalon cells implanted in the rat striatum.

The transplantation of tissue containing dopamine-producing cells into the mammalian central nervous system is an emerging treatment for Parkinson's disease, despite relatively poor survival of implanted tissue. Recent evidence has suggested that Cytodex microcarriers enhance the survival of dopaminergic rat chromaffin cells transplanted into the rat striatum in the absence of immunosuppression. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the survival of rat and human fetal ventral mesencephalic neurons (VM) implanted alone or after attachment to microcarriers in the striatum of rats without immunosuppression. Rat fetal VM neurons demonstrated enhanced survival in the rat striatum when transplanted on microcarriers, compared to their transplantation alone during the 3-mo period examined in the present study. Transplants of human fetal VM neurons on microcarriers also survived remarkably well in the rat striatum without systemic immunosuppression. In contrast, human fetal VM cells transplanted alone into the rat striatum did not survive without systemic immunosuppression. There was no evidence of TH fiber sprouting in the vicinity of any transplant site. These data indicated that Cytodex microcarriers provide enhanced survival of both rat allograft and human xenograft fetal mesencephalic cells in the rat striatum without the necessity of systemic immunosuppression, perhaps by inducing a unique neuron-glia environment.

Animals↗
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Expression of cell cycle proteins in 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced mouse lung tumors.

Cyclin D1 dysregulation and differential inactivation of p16INK4a and Rb have been observed in human lung cancer. In chemically induced mouse lung tumors, the p16INK4a gene is a target of inactivation, and Rb is reduced at the mRNA level (Northern blot) although similar at the protein level (Western blot) when compared to normal lung tissues. The expression of cyclin D1, cdk4, p16INK4a, and Rb protein was examined by immunohistochemistry in 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced mouse lung tumors. Immunohistochemical staining revealed exclusive nuclear staining of both cyclin D1 and cdk4 that was light to moderate in normal mouse lung tissues, but intense in lung adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Western blot analysis confirmed the increased expression of cyclin D1 and cdk4 in lung tumors compared to normal lung. Immunohistochemical analyses of lung tumors showed focal areas which lacked p16INK4a staining. Expression of p16INK4a, as determined by RT-PCR, was variable in lung tumors. Mutations in p16INK4a were not found by SSCP analysis. Immunohistochemical analyses of normal lung tissues showed intense staining for Rb protein in alveolar epithelial cells and in other lung cell types; however, in the lung tumors the staining intensity was reduced and the distribution was altered. Expression of Rb was detected in normal lung tissues but was barely detectable by Northern blot hybridization in lung tumors. Western blot analysis indicated the presence of both hypophosphorylated and hyperphosphorylated Rb protein in lung tumors and in normal lung tissues. These results suggest that alterations in the cell cycle proteins, cyclin D1, cdk4, p16INK4a, and Rb, may play a role in the acquisition of autonomous growth by adenomas. Furthermore, they demonstrate the importance of immunohistochemical studies to examine expression in tissues that contain multiple cell types, such as the lung, and in tumors that by nature are heterogeneous.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The association between health care behavior and attitudes.

A study was conducted to document the extent to which persons engage in health promotion and disease prevention behaviors, and to examine demographic and attitudinal variables associated with those behaviors. Health promotion behaviors are those undertaken by a person to stay healthy that do not require the assistance of a health professional (eg, exercising). Disease prevention behaviors are those undertaken to stay healthy that do require the assistance of a professional (eg, physical exam). The study design was descriptive. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 104 emergency room (ER) patients using an interview guide developed by the authors. Two major findings were that: a) individuals were more apt to go to the doctor than do health promotion behaviors in order to be healthy; and b) individuals who expressed belief in health promotion behaviors were more likely to practice them than were those who did not express such a belief. Two demographic variables were related.

Analysis of Variance↗
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Hospital location as a determinant of emergency room utilization patterns.

The use of the emergency rooms of three private, acute care, nonprofit hospitals was investigated in relation to each hospital's location. The emergency room of the hospital located in an urban poverty area served as the "poor man's doctor," whereas the emergency rooms of the two hospitals in more affluent areas served more traditional emergency room patients. Investigation showed that even when patient populations were similar in demographic characteristics, the hospitals' locations influenced emergency room utilization patterns. Thus, one emergency room is not the same as another, and one standard model for dealing with emergency room issues will not work in every facility.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Establishment of an in vitro model for cisplatin resistance in human neuroblastoma cell lines.

Two unique cisplatin-resistant neuroblastoma (NB) cell lines have been derived from the established lines IMR-32 and SK-N-SH by treatment with escalating doses of cisplatin. IMR/CP.20 was 6.6-fold and SK/CP.15 was 3.8-fold more resistant to the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin than the parent lines. The parent SK-N-SH cells were 16.6-fold more resistant to the effects of cisplatin than IMR-32 cells. The cisplatin-resistant cell lines demonstrated alterations to their morphology, but there was no change in the cell growth characteristics of the resistant compared to the sensitive lines. Cytogenetic analysis revealed that clonal selection of parental subclones had occurred with additional chromosomal changes in both resistant lines. Both IMR/CP.20 and SK/CP.15 lines were cross-resistant to aphidicolin and to L-phenylalanine mustard. The IMR/CP.20 line was 7.3-fold more resistant to mitomycin C than the parent line. Neither cisplatin-resistant NB line was cross-resistant to 5-fluorouracil, etoposide or doxorubicin. All NB lines had low levels of DNA repair compared to HeLa or CHO-K1 cells. However, the IMR/CP.20 cell line showed a significantly higher ability to effect DNA repair than the parent IMR-32 line, indicating that the increased resistance to cisplatin observed in this line may, in part, be due to an enhanced DNA repair capacity.

Aphidicolin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Osteoporosis prevention in young women.

PURPOSE: To assess whether young women who participate in an osteoporosis prevention program based on the Health Belief (Rosenstock, 1966) and Self-Efficacy Models (Bandura, 1977) demonstrate higher levels of knowledge regarding osteoporosis prevention than young women who do not participate in such a program. DESIGN: A classic experimental design with one treatment group and one control group was used to test the efficacy of the osteoporosis prevention program. Pretest data on knowledge, health belief attitudes (7 subscales), and self-efficacy (2 subscales) were collected in the treatment and control groups. SAMPLE: A convenience sample of 31 young college women were randomly assigned to an experimental group or to a control group to receive an osteoporosis prevention program. METHOD: Subjects in the experimental and control groups completed the Osteoporosis Knowledge Test, the Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale, and the Osteoporosis Self-Efficacy Scale (Kim et al., 1991) at two times. The experimental group received an osteoporosis prevention program. MAIN RESEARCH CLASSIFICATIONS: Osteoporosis, Health Belief, Self-Efficacy, Women's Health. FINDINGS: Subjects in the experimental group had significantly higher knowledge and health belief scores after receiving the intervention than their pretest scores while subjects in the control group had no change in scores. CONCLUSION: The osteoporosis program was effective in increasing awareness of osteoporosis prevention in this group of young women. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING RESEARCH: The results may be useful for developing young women's awareness and knowledge of osteoporosis prevention. Future research could include developing osteoporosis prevention programs at an earlier age when girls are in grade school and junior high school. Teaching health promotion strategies for bone health is essential to all women across the life span.

Adolescent↗