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Biomedical subjects

S Jain

Publications and source records attributed to S Jain.

At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Tuberous sclerosis and spina bifida occulta.

An interesting occurrence of tuberous sclerosis and spina bifida occulta is described, highlighting their unique and previously undescribed association in a 5-year-old boy.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1992

Seasonal relapses in affective disorder in the Tropics: a prospective follow-up of 12 patients.

Seasonal relapses of affective disorder are known. We report 12 patients who had season-linked relapses during a prospective follow-up period of 4 years. There were both winter and summer relapses of mania and depression. The centre is in the tropical zone, with lesser variation of sunshine and temperature than in more extreme latitudes. This may inference the pattern of relapse in affective disorder. Differences in relapses between tropical and temperate zones need to be investigated.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Subacute toxicity of pentavalent antimony compounds in rats.

A subacute toxicity study of pentavalent antimony (Sb) compounds, sodium stibogluconate (SSG) and meglumine antimoniate (MA) was carried out in rats. Three groups of 10 rats each were treated with saline (control group), 300 mg Sb kg-1 d-1 or 900 mg Sb kg-1 d-1 of SSG for 30 d. A parallel study of similar type was conducted for MA. Compared with controls, drug-treated rats showed an impairment of feeding habits and retardation of weight gain (P less than 0.01) during the treatment period. In both SSG- and MA-treated rats there was a dose-related reduction in haemoglobin concentration (P less than 0.001), and hematocrit (P less than 0.001). Red cell count was reduced in SSG-treated rats only. Both drugs, however, significantly raised the white cell count (P less than 0.05). These changes were more pronounced with SSG them with MA. There was no change in MCV, MCH and MCHC. SSG, 900 mg Sb kg-1 d-1, significantly raised AST (P less than 0.005), ALT (P less than 0.01) and alkaline phosphatase activity (P less than 0.01). SSG-treated rats also had raised BUN (P less than 0.01) and creatinine (P less than 0.001), but no significant change in bilirubin levels. MA significantly raised AST (P less than 0.01), ALT (P less than 0.01), BUN (P less than 0.001) and serum creatinine levels (P less than 0.001), but had no appreciable effect on bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels. Both SSG and MA decreased blood glucose levels (P less than 0.01) and induced proteinuria.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1992

Dystrophin test in differential diagnosis of childhood muscular dystrophies.

Two cases of childhood muscular dystrophy are described. One of them had clinical features suggestive of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy and the other with some features of Prader-Willi syndrome, besides proximal muscle weakness. Muscle biopsy from both cases revealed a clear abnormality of dystrophin, and were diagnosed as having Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) by immunofluorescence examination; that is, absent dystrophin at the membrane of the muscle fibers. The clinical spectrum of DMD-related myopathies and the importance of dystrophin testing in childhood muscular dystrophies is discussed.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1992

Seroepidemiology of viral infections among intravenous drug users in northern California.

Intravenous drug users are frequently exposed to parenterally transmitted viral infections, and these infections can spread to the general population through sexual activity. We investigated the prevalence of serologic markers for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I/II (HTLV-I/II), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in intravenous drug users and their sexual contacts. Of 585 drug users from northern California tested for these serologic markers, 72% were reactive for the antibody to HCV, 71% for the antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, 12% for HTLV-I/II antibodies, and 1% for the HIV-1 antibody. The prevalence of serologic markers for these four viruses correlated with the duration of intravenous drug use, the ethnic group, and the drug of choice. More than 85% of subjects infected with either HCV or HBV were coinfected with the other virus. All persons reactive to HTLV-I/II antibodies had antibodies for either HBV or HCV. Of 81 sexual contacts tested, 17% had evidence of HBV infection while only 6% were reactive for HTLV-I/II antibodies and 4% for the antibody to HCV. None of this group was infected with HIV-1. We conclude that HTLV-I/II and HCV are inefficiently transmitted to sexual contacts while HBV is spread more readily. Programs designed to discourage the sharing of drug paraphernalia, such as needle and syringe exchanges, should decrease the risk of parenterally spread viral infections in intravenous drug users and thus slow the spread of these infections to the general population.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Urticaria.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Antigen-Antibody Complex↗
PubMed1992

Induction of sister chromatid exchanges in phenytoin treated & untreated patients with epilepsy.

The mutagenic potential of phenytoin (PHT) was studied using the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assay. Twenty nine PHT treated epileptics, 32 untreated and 32 normal healthy controls were analysed. Similar SCE frequencies were observed in untreated patients and patients on PHT monotherapy. Both groups had significantly increased SCE frequency as compared to controls. No positive correlation of SCE frequency with sex and duration of therapy was observed. The results of the present study suggest the role of the disease condition in inducing genetic damage as assessed by increased SCE frequencies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of topical ketoconazole in cutaneous leishmaniasis.

The efficacy of topical ketoconazole in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by L. major was assessed in an open trial. Ten patients with twenty two lesions of CL, confirmed by smear/or biopsy, were recruited into the study. Of the twenty two lesions treated, three increased in size and lesion characteristics worsened, ten showed no change but in nine there was some improvement in lesion characteristics. No lesion healed completely. No side effects were reported in nine. Topically applied ketoconazole is safe but does not significantly alter the course of CL. The differences in the results of systematically administered and topically applied ketoconazole may be due to differences in the pharmacokinetics of the drug when it is administered by different routes.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

c-erbB-2 proto-oncogene expression and its relationship to survival in gastric carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study on archival material.

The c-erbB-2 proto-oncogene encodes a growth factor receptor which is over-expressed in a variety of human adenocarcinomas. Recent reports suggest that it may be of value in arriving at prognosis in breast and ovarian cancer. In this study, c-erbB-2 expression was investigated in 93 routinely processed cases of gastric carcinoma, using an immunohistochemical technique. c-erbB-2 membrane immunoreactivity was observed in 11% (10/93) of tumours, all of which were of the well differentiated intestinal type (p less than 0.01). Overall, patients with tumours expressing this proto-oncogene had a significantly improved prognosis (p less than 0.05). Within the group of intestinal-type tumours, those that were c-erbB-2-positive formed a distinct sub-population which had a better prognosis (p less than 0.02), suggesting possible differences in aetiology.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed1991

Immunocytochemistry of gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, serotonin, and histamine in Necturus taste buds.

Little information is currently available about which neurotransmitters are involved in signal processing in the peripheral sensory organs of taste, taste buds. Synaptic contacts between taste cells and sensory axons have long been known to exist, but what substances are active at these synapses is not known. Our objective in this study was to test for the presence of the neurotransmitter candidates, GABA, glutamate, serotonin, and histamine in taste buds of Necturus maculosus. Light microscopic immunocytochemical techniques were used to investigate the location of these substances in taste buds and surrounding epithelium. GABA and glutamate were detected in nerve fibers that innervate the taste buds, and, to a substantially lesser extent, in fine, varicose axons that penetrated the surrounding nontaste epithelium. Serotonin immunostaining was strong in basal cells in frog taste discs but was only faintly detected in Necturus taste buds. Histamine was not detected at all in taste buds. We conclude that amino acid neurotransmission may be involved in taste mechanisms and that monoamines may also play a role in chemosensory transduction in the taste bud. On the basis of our inability to detect histamine with immunocytochemical techniques, we conclude that this substance is unlikely to be a major neurotransmitter in Necturus taste buds.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Hexagonal crystal structure of the A-DNA octamer d(GTGTACAC) and its comparison with the tetragonal structure: correlated variations in helical parameters.

The alternating DNA octamer d(GTGTACAC) has been grown in a novel hexagonal crystal form. The structure has been determined and refined to a 2-A resolution, with 51 water molecules. The A-DNA conformation is a variant of that observed for the tetragonal form of the same sequence (Jain et al., 1989) containing a bound spermine. The crystals belong to the space group P6(1)22, a = b = 32.40 A and c = 79.25 A, with one strand in the asymmetric unit. The new hexagonal structure was solved by rotation and translation searches in direct space and refined to a final R value of 12.7% by using 1561 unique reflections greater than 1.5 sigma (I). The electron density clearly shows that the penultimate A7 sugar had flipped into the alternative C2'-endo pucker. This dent in the molecule can be attributed to close intermolecular contacts. In contrast, in the tetragonal structure, the DNA is distorted in the central TA step, where the A5 backbone bonds C4'-C5' and O5'-P assume trans conformations. The hexagonal double helix more closely resembles the fiber diffraction A-DNA, compared to the tetragonal form. For instance, the tilt angle is higher (16 degrees vs 10 degrees), which is correlated with a larger displacement from the helix axis (3.5 vs 3.3), a lower rise per residue (2.9 vs 3.2), and a smaller major-groove width (6.1 vs 8.7), thus indicating that the variations in these global helical parameters are correlated. The propeller twist angles in both forms are higher for the G-C base pairs (15.3 degrees, 12.14 degrees) than for the A-T base pairs (10.8 degrees, 9.1 degrees), which is the reverse of the expected order. Unlike the tetragonal structure, the hexagonal crystal structure interestingly does not contain a bound spermine molecule. Our analysis reveals that the conformational differences between the tetragonal and hexagonal forms are not entirely due to the spermine binding, and crystal packing seems to play an important role.

Base Composition↗