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Biomedical subjects

S Hayes

Publications and source records attributed to S Hayes.

103 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1968

Incidence of Clostridium botulinum type E in salmon and other marine fish in the Pacific Northwest.

Salmon, sole, cod, oysters, clams, and crabs from ocean waters along the coast of Oregon and Washington were examined for the presence of Clostridium botulinum type E. The organism was detected by identification of the type E toxin in enrichment cultures of the viscera of individual fish. Of 369 salmon specimens, 48 yielded cultures containing toxin lethal to mice, and almost half of the toxic cultures were shown to contain botulinal toxin, chiefly type E. Eighteen of 113 sole and cod specimens, 4 of 22 Dungeness crab specimens, 5 of 16 oyster specimens, and 27 of 115 clam specimens gave rise to cultures containing botulinal toxin which was usually type E, although types A and B were occasionally encountered.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethanol-induced genotoxicity.

Unrelated, nondenatured, ethanol preparations, derived synthetically or by fermentation, were found to induce qualitatively similar concentration-dependent toxic and genotoxic effects as measured by RK mutatest. In this system ethanol was found genotoxic above a threshold concentration of 18-19% (v/v) when RK+ selector cells were transiently exposed for 10 min before selection for RK- survivors at 42 degrees C.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Study of three intragenic polymorphisms in the Machado-Joseph disease gene (MJD1) in relation to genetic instability of the (CAG)n tract.

Intergenerational instability is one of the most important features of the disease-associated trinucleotide expansions, leading to variation in size of the repeat among and within families, which manifests as variable age at onset and severity, and is probably the basis for the occurrence of anticipation. Several factors are known to affect the degree of instability, namely the type of repeated sequence, its initial size, the presence or absence of interruptions in the repetitive tract and the gender of the transmitting parent. A recent study demonstrated the effect of an intragenic polymorphism (C987GG/G987GG) in the Machado-Joseph disease causative gene, immediately downstream of the CAG repeat, on the intergenerational instability of the expanded repeat. Surprisingly, there was an effect not only of the specific allele in cis to the disease chromosome, but also of the allele on the normal chromosome, suggesting the existence of an interaction between the normal and expanded alleles that affects the fidelity of replication of the (CAG)n tract. This effect could be a direct effect of the polymorphism studied or, alternatively, this polymorphism could be in disequilibrium with some other flanking sequence which affects the instability of the repetitive (CAG)n tract. In order to confirm the previous results in a different population and to distinguish between a direct and indirect effect of the CGG/GGG polymorphism, we typed 70 parent-progeny pairs for which the variation in the (CAG)n length in the MJD1 gene was known, for three intragenic polymorphisms: C987GG/G987GG and two additional, newly described ones, TAA1118/TAC1118 and A669TG/G669TG. We also typed a control population of 125 individuals for the A669TG/G669TG, C987GG/G987GG and TAA1118/TAC1118 polymorphisms, in an attempt to identify any association between haplotype and (CAG)n length in normal chromosomes, suggestive of an instability-predisposing effect of the repeat-flanking sequences, which could have led to the origin of the MJD mutation in the human population. We confirmed the effect of the C987GG/G987GG polymorphism on intergenerational instability when present in trans. Our results suggest that this effect is restricted to a small region of the gene, immediately downstream of the CAG repeat, which includes this particular nucleotide substitution and the stop codon of the MJD1 cDNA, and is not a more widespread chromosomal effect. The lack of a significant association of any specific intragenic haplotype with larger CAG repeats in normal chromosomes, together with the absence of an effect of the intragenic haplotype in cis on the intergenerational instability of the expanded (CAG)n in MJD families does not indicate the existence of an instability-predisposing haplotype.

Alleles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Audit of resuscitation decisions has little impact on clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if clinical audit leads to sustained improvement in resuscitation decision-making. METHOD: Analysis of data from five studies performed over nine years between 1989 and 1998. Two of the surveys included all medical and elderly patients, while three surveys in 1993, 1994 and 1996 included only patients over 75 years of age. RESULTS: The three surveys involving only elderly patients revealed significant improvement in recording the decisions made on resuscitation (73% vs 50%; p = 0.02) over a two-month audit cycle, but this improvement was not maintained. Clinical audit and the use of a proforma improved neither the practice of discussing resuscitation with patients nor the involvement of consultants in the decision-making process over the nine-year period. CONCLUSION: Clinical audit may lead to short-term improvements in resuscitation decision-making, but this improvement does not appear to be sustained over time. Other measures need to be considered to improve practice in this area.

Decision Making↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Orthopaedic options.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Orthopedic Equipment↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Do general practitioners know when living wills are legal?

BACKGROUND: There is growing public awareness of living wills or advance directives. Patients who wish to make advance directives may approach general practitioners (GPs) for advice. However, many GPs are unaware of the correct legal status of living wills. METHODS: Questionnaires were sent to 270 GPs in London and Winchester, asking seven questions about the current legal status of living wills. RESULTS: Of the 214 GPs (79%) who returned questionnaires, only 104 (49%) were aware that some types of advance directives could carry legal force. Many of the GPs who did know that living wills could be legally binding were unable correctly to answer further questions on the practicalities of the law; for example, 26% were wrong in believing that a lawyer had to draw up a living will, and 13% incorrectly believed that a doctor was legally required to give any treatment requested by a patient in a living will. CONCLUSIONS: Half of the GPs surveyed were unaware that living wills currently have legal force and most of the rest were unaware of important details of the law. More attention needs to be given to the education of doctors in this area.

Advance Directives↗