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Biomedical subjects

S Gupta

Publications and source records attributed to S Gupta.

At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Regulation of hepatitis B virus expression in progenitor and differentiated cell types: evidence for negative transcriptional control in nonpermissive cells.

Mechanisms regulating cell type-specific gene expression are not completely understood. We utilized hepatitis B virus (HBV) enhancer I and preS1 promoter sequences, which exhibit cell type specificity, to analyze transcriptional control in pluripotential murine embryonic stem (ES) cells, bipotential HBC-3 progenitor liver cells, mature hepatocytes, and fibroblasts. In transient transfection assays, HBV sequences were most active in primary hepatocytes, followed by HBC-3 and ES cells, and became inactive in fibroblasts. Cotransfections with HNF-3 or C/EBP plasmids increased expression of HBV sequences in hepatocytes and HBC-3 cells. However, increased HBV expression was not observed in ES cells and HBV remained inactive in fibroblasts, suggesting different transcriptional controls, which was compatible with alterations in the abundance of endogenous transcription factors. Analysis in somatic hybrid cells created from NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and Hepa1-6 mouse hepatocytes with expression of albumin and selected hepatic transcription factors showed that HBV sequences were expressed weakly but without increased expression following transfection of HNF-1, HNF-3, and C/EBP plasmids. These findings indicated that repression of HBV in nonpermissive cells involved inactivation of transcription factor activity. Expression of HBV in stem cells is relevant for mechanisms concerning viral persistence and oncogenesis, as well as analysis of hepatocytic differentiation in progenitor cells.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed1999

Apical bridging in association with regular root formation following single-visit apexification: a case report.

A case report is presented in which continuing root formation occurred in a carious nonvital and immature mandibular second premolar after single-visit calcium hydroxide apexification treatment. An apical hard tissue barrier was formed, accompanied by a separate, mesioapically growing root, 7 months posttreatment. Treatment was concluded with gutta-percha root canal restoration. The success of this single-visit apexification treatment supports the contention that frequent changing of the calcium hydroxide dressing is not always required to induce apical closure.

Calcium Hydroxide↗
PubMed1999

Diagnostic distinction between unusual malignant tumors of gall bladder by histochemistry and antigenic phenotype.

In a review of 79 cases of gall bladder malignancy, nineteen cases were labelled as unusual tumors while sixty were diagnosed as adenocarcinoma. Alcian blue, PAS, Grimelius' and Masson trichrome stains were done. Expression of EMA, CEA and desmin was assessed (PAP). Histological subtype was revised, in eleven cases out of 19. Five tumors initially diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma were found to be positive for mucin and CEA and hence were reclassified as adenosquamous carcinoma. Three undifferentiated carcinomas and two malignant carcinoids were labelled as adenocarcinoma and composite tumor respectively. Positive reactivity with CEA and alcian blue PAS and absence of AFP helped in differentiating one giant cell carcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma. No definite marker could be identified in one case of malignant mesenchymal tumor. Histochemistry and immunohistochemistry also helped in confirming the diagnosis of three cases of carcinoma in situ, one of malignant carcinoid and three of clear cell carcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Immunohistochemical co-expression of c-erbb-2/Neu oncoprotein, altered tumour suppressor (p53) protein, EGF-R and EMA in histological subtypes of infiltrating duct carcinoma of the breast.

Carcinoma of the breast has an unpredictable biological behaviour. Several oncogenes have been implicated in the progression of breast cancer. Immunohistochemical staining of c-erbB-2 (Neu) oncoprotein and mutant p53 protein on 45 cases of infiltrating duct carcinoma (IDC) of the breast revealed 33% membrane positivity of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein, 46% nuclear positivity of mutated p53 protein, 33% and 84% membrane positivity of EGF-R and EMA respectively. Staining profile of c-erb-B2 oncoprotein in various histological subtypes of IDC of the breast indicated a high positivity rate in comedo followed by NOS and cibriform subtype. Similarly, high incidence of immunopositivity of mutated p53 protein was observed in comedo and cibriform subtypes while papillary carcinoma were found exclusively positive for mutated p53 protein. Interestingly, tubular subtype of IDC was not positive for c-erbB-2 oncoprotein as well as p53 mutant protein. Further, comedo and cibriform subtypes of IDC revealed 'high grade' histological features of tumour of the breast with high mitotic count, presence of marked pleomorphism and multinucleation thus, reflecting a positive relationship with overexpression of c-erbB-2 (Neu) oncoprotein as well as mutant p53 protein. The results on immunoexpression of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein and mutated p53 protein in various histological subtypes of IDC of the breast demonstrated c-erbB-2 status as an important predictor and also indicated that oncogene product may be involved in growth factor response pathway.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1999

Experimental amebiasis: molecular weight analysis of Entamoeba histolytica antigens recognized by IgG antibodies.

The reactivity of sera from experimentally infected animal was studied from 5-60 days postinoculation to determine which of the E. histolytica antigens are recognized frequently to infection. Crude extract of E. histolytica trophozoites was used and sera were examined by immunoelectrotransference assay. It was observed that sera recognized polypeptide with 70 kDa molecular mass after 15 days postinoculation onward and later 14 to 24 polypeptide with molecular weight of 110-22 kDa were recognized. All the amebic antigens (polypeptides) could be recognized by sera till 60 days postinoculated animals. Significance of expression of different amebic polypeptides in terms of pathogenesis needs further investigations.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Heart rate and blood lactate in 400 m flat and 400 m hurdle running: a comparative study.

This study was conducted on a group of male sprinters (n = 8) to compare heart rate (HR) and blood lactate (La) response in 400 m flat and 400 m hurdle running during weekly trial race. Durations of the flat and hurdle races were 51.65 +/- 1.51 and 58.27 +/- 1.97 sec respectively. Peak HR attained at the end of the flat and hurdle races were 192.4 +/- 5.3 and 193.6 +/- 4.1 beats/min, whereas, average HR during the events were 173.6 +/- 22.6 and 176.7 +/- 19.6 beats/min respectively. La level following the flat event (18.84 +/- 1.57 mmol/L) was found significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the post-hurdle race (16.14 +/- 1.97 mmol/L). The study indicates that cardiovascular stress is similar in both the events although flat race impose higher anaerobic glycolytic demand than hurdle run.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Confidential communications in medical care.

Since the legal consequences taking in consideration of Indian evidence Act 1857 of an unwarranted release of confidential information are uncertain and even the consequences may be serious, it is necessary that a physician be most cautious when divulging any information about a patient. Although there are exceptions to the proposition that all confidential information acquired from a patient should be kept secret, the basic rule to remember is that confidential information should not be revealed without obtaining the patient's consent unless law of the land like provision in criminal procedure code of India requires the physician to report the information, to any person or insurance company. Whenever a physician believes it is necessary to reveal a professional secret to protect the welfare of a patient, a third person, or the community, he should exercise caution in the method of disclosure. The following suggestions have been made to guide physicians under these circumstances: 1. Assure yourself that the person informed is sometime entitled to the information, such as the patient's parent or guardian. 2. Do not give information by telephone if you do not recognize the voice of the person making the request. 3. Avoid the use of telegrams or letters to communicate medical information of patient. 4. If you are in doubt about your right to release the information consult your legal council. 5. A person in police custody as an undertrial prisoner has the right not to permit the doctor who has examined him, to disclose the nature of his illness to any person. If a person is convicted, he has no right and the doctor can disclose the result to the authorities. 6. Never release the treatment history without written consent from patient or its legal heirs to any insurance company.

Communication↗
PubMed1999

Epilepsy surgery in India: All India Institute of Medical Sciences experience.

OBJECTIVES: Surgical treatment of epilepsy should be considered an important alternative to medical therapy. The identification of a suitable candidate, pre-operative evaluation requires a multidisciplinary team. The specific diagnostic studies required depend on the operative strategy and objective of surgical treatment. METHODS: In twenty patients with medically intractable epilepsy, who had clinical evaluation, electroencephalography (EEG), video-EEG monitoring using scalp electrodes, high resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), neuropsychology, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was done to localise the seizure focus. If the investigations were concordant resective surgery was performed. In case of frequent falls, atonic and tonic seizures, with generalised/multifocal discharges on EEG, a callostomy was done. Surgical outcome was assessed using Engel's 4 point scale. RESULTS: In 18 patients the seizure focus was localised, 13 had temporal lobectomy, five extra-temporal resection, and two had callosotomy. Fifteen patients had a follow-up of more than eight months, mean 20.5 (range 8-35 months), 13 had outcome I (seizure free), two had outcome II (occasional seizures), one-outcome III. Three were lost to follow-up and one patient died. There were no major post-operative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment of epilepsy is a safe, effective mode of therapy. Suitable candidates should be identified early and referred to appropriate centres.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Serum vitamin E levels in patients of chronic myeloid leukaemia.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate vitamin E levels in sera of patients of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) before and after treatment with busulphan and hydroxyurea and to compare the levels with those in healthy controls. METHODS: The study was carried out in a total of 50 subjects (mean age 34 +/- 8.86 years; 25 were proved cases of CML and 25 were healthy controls. Vitamin E level was measured by spectrofluorometeric method. In patients of CML vitamin E level was estimated twice i.e. once when their total leucocyte count (TLC) was raised (i.e. before treatment) and then after treatment after bringing the TLC near normal. RESULTS: The mean serum vitamin E level in 25 normal healthy controls was 7.19 micrograms/ml and that in 25 patients of CML at presentation (before treatment) was 2.67 micrograms/ml. It increased to 3.61 micrograms/ml after treatment. CONCLUSION: The results show that patients of CML have a significantly lower (p < 0.001) level of serum vitamin E as compared to normal healthy adults and that the level of vitamin E increased significantly (p < 0.001) after treatment even without supplementing vitamin E.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

A study of dental caries in school children from rural Haryana.

The prevalence of dental caries among rural school children (688 boys and 331 girls) in the age group of 12-16 years in Haryana was found to be 39.4%. It was 37.9% in boys and 42.6% in girls. The difference between males and females was statistically not significant. A significant increase in prevalence of dental caries with age was observed (i.e. 33.1% in 12-year-old children to 45.8% in 14-year-old children). The mean DMFT per child was found to be 1.03 and DMFT per affected child was 2.6. The mean of D, M and F was found to be 1.0, 0.03 and 0.0 respectively.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Uncommon mesiodens--a report of two cases.

Mesiodens is a supernumerary tooth with a cone shaped crown and a short root situated between the maxillary central incisors. Supernumerary teeth occur as isolated dental findings or as part of a syndrome. They are frequently discovered when a normal tooth is either delayed in its eruption or displaced often resulting in arch length inadequacy. An early diagnosis allows early intervention, more favourable prognosis and minimal complications. Presented here are two cases of unusual bilateral mesiodens.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Connation of permanent incisors: a report of two cases.

Presented here are two uncommon cases of connation of permanent incisors. The term connation is being used in this paper instead of fusion, gemination etc., as it ideally describes the anomaly. Various treatment modalities have also been recommended for such cases.

Child↗
PubMed1999

The 5HT3 receptors and the descending nociceptive pathway--a review.

There has been a huge and exciting increase in our recent understanding of the pathogenesis of pain. Neurophysiological and pharmacological evidence have demonstrated that 5-HT now plays an important albeit discrete role in pain transmission at various levels of the pain pathway. Although 5-HT is clearly involved in spinal analgesia, its mode of action is still obscure and perplexing perhaps because it has multiple and often opposing effects mediated by its multiple receptor subtypes. The involvement of 5-HT3 antagonists and agonists have been found to either facilitate or inhibit nociceptive processing in the dorsal horn cells. Thus the understanding of the descending serotonergic analgesic system may enable the development of new non-opioid, non-addictive analgesics.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in liver cirrhosis with ascites.

OBJECTIVE: The study was designed to elucidate the correlation of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) with aetiology of liver cirrhosis, overall mortality, ascitic fluid and systemic microbial infections. METHODS: Sixty three patients with cirrhosis of the liver were included in this study. These patients were diagnosed on the basis of clinical evaluation, biochemical investigation, ultrasonography, ascitic fluid examination for protein, cells, pH, and bacterial culture. RESULTS: SBP developed in 22 (34.92%) patients of cirrhosis. Culture positive SBP was present in 18 (81.81%) and culture negative neutrocytic ascitis (CNNA) in 4 (18.18%). In the culture positive group, 14 (77.7%) patients had monomicrobial bacterascites (MNB), the commonest organism being coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus eight (44.44%) followed by E. coli (22.22%). Only 4 (22.22%) had infection by more than one organism. Direct bed side inoculation of ascitic fluid into blood culture bottle was a better method for bacterial yield than the conventional method of ascitic fluid culture (81.8% vs. 18.2%). Only 22.8% patients with SBP had ascitic fluid protein less than 1 gm%, ascitic fluid pH < 7.3 and polymorphonuclear cell count > 250/cmm. CONCLUSION: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is common complication in Child Pugh class C cirrhosis. Alcoholic cirrhosis with SBP carries high mortality than their non-alcoholic group. The most common organisms isolated were coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus followed by E. coli.

Ascites↗
PubMed1999

[Effects of warm blood and clot crystalloid cardioplegia on the heart rate variability of canine].

The objectives of this study were to explore the mechanisms of cardiac autonomic system (CAS) impairment and to assess whether warm blood cardioplegia can prevent the decrease of heart rate variability (HRV) after CPB. Twelve adult mongrel dogs were divided into two groups. One group received warm blood cardioplegia and maintained at a systemic temperature of 38 degrees C throughout the experiment (WB group). The other received cold crystalloid cardioplegia at 31 degrees C and topical hypothermia (CC group). Anesthesia was induced and maintained with sodium pentobarbital and isoflurane. The heart was exposed through a right thorectomy. CPB was established using a single right atrial cannula. The arterial cannula was placed in the right femoral artery. The crossclamp time for both groups was 30 minutes. Serum potassium levels were normalized throughout the study. Each animal's ECG was continuously recorded for 24 hours before surgery and for the first five postoperative days (POD) using a two-channel Holter monitor. The data were analyzed for heart rate variability (TP = total power, 0.01-1.00; LF = low frequency, 0.04-0.15; HF = high frequency, 0.15-0.40; LF/HF). There were no differences in the preoperative values. In both groups the TP, LF, and HF decreased, compared to control (P < 0.05), with CC group having significantly lower TP, LF and HF than the WB group (P < 0.05). The LF/HF did not change both between groups and between before- and after-CPB in each group (P > 0.05). The mean heart rate at 24 hours (MHR) increased in both groups, compared to control (P < 0.05), with CC group having a significantly higher MHR than WB group (P < 0.05). The data suggest that CPB, with warm blood or cold crystalloid cardioplegia does not disturb the balance of CAS, but it causes the decrease of HRV, and warm blood cardioplegia can not prevent the impairment of HRV.

Animals↗