Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

S Balakrishnan

Publications and source records attributed to S Balakrishnan.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Studies on sulphone resistant strains of M. leprae in field and institutionalized cases of leprosy.

The proportions of dapsone resistant strains of M. leprae in cases from the field and in patient institutionalized for treatment were compared. Identification of dapsone resistance was done by mouse-foot-pad experiments carried out in the Laboratory in Central Leprosy Teaching and Research Institute, Chengalpattu. A higher percentage of resistance was detected among institutional patients as compared to field cases. The distribution of M.I. ranges of M. leprae in dapsone resistant subjects was not different from that in dapsone sensitive cases.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Prevalence survey of secondary dapsone resistance in leprosy in Kancheepuram and Tiruvannamalai control units of Tamil Nadu.

A field survey was designed and carried out in parts of Kancheepuram and Tiruvannamalai Leprosy Control Units in Tamilnadu (population 418,000) with the objective of finding out the prevalence of secondary dapsone resistance among 790 lepromatous (LL and BL) cases, who formed the patient population at risk based on certain treatment criteria. Using the mouse footpad experiment, 3 resistant cases were identified in Kancheepuram Unit (prevalence rate of 1.0 per cent) and 11 cases in Tiruvannamalai Unit (prevalence rate of 2.2 per cent). The metabolic status of dapsone was found to be normal in more than 90% of the patients, showing no relationship to occurrence of resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Mouse foot pad growth of M. leprae in relation to bacteriological index.

A retrospective analysis was made of the mouse foot-pad growth of M. leprae from 35 cases of lepromatous leprosy with B.I. ranging from 1.33 to 4.0 (Dharmendra scale). Of these 35 cases, 6 were found to be harbouring dapsone resistant bacilli and 18 cases sensitive bacilli. In 11 of them there was no growth in the control group of animals. The analysis showed that there was no difference in the mean B.I. between those showing no growth and those showing growth in the 1st, 2nd or 3rd harvest. A minimum B.I. around 1.5 is considered adequate for positive foot-pad takes. Another interesting observation made in the study was that the growth rate in the control group foot-pads was consistently higher in mice receiving dapsone resistant bacilli as compared to those inoculated with bacilli, sensitive to the drug.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Paper spot test and DDS/creatinine ratios in relation to treatment taken by leprosy patients.

The findings on the positivity of paper spot test and the mean DDS/Cr. ratios in relation to the percentage of treatment taken by 316 leprosy out-patients on 100, 50 or 25 mg/DDS daily are presented. Thirty-three percent of the subjects on 25 mg were found to give negative spot test as against 11-12% in the patient groups on 50 and 100 mgs dose schedules. The mean DDS/Cr. ratios in the spot test negative urine specimens were consistent for all dosage groups and ranged from 7.1-9.6 micrograms/mg. The ratios in the spot test-positive urine specimens, showed, in general, a direct proportion to the percentage of treatment taken particularly, in the 75-100% and 50-75% groups. The significance and implications of the findings are discussed.

Creatinine↗
PubMed1983

Operational study to monitor the regularity of dapsone intake by leprosy out-patients.

319 leprosy patients, attending our Mobile Treatment Unit, were monitored for their regularity of dapsone intake by (1) Physical verification of DDS tablets; and (2) Spot test, in the field. The consistency in regularity of DDS intake by these patients, was monitored at two more occasions at the interval of about two months. Only 36% patients were regular in attending the clinics. On an average one patient would miss about one third of the clinics in a year. The number of patients taking regular treatment increased from 62% (I round) to 79% (in III round). Approximately 10% patients collected DDS tablets from clinic but never ingested them; and 3% to 7% patients removed Dapsone tablets regularly but ingested none of it, as indicated by negative spot tests. The spot test was found to be positive in about 86% patients, and had a very good correlation (98%) with DDS/Cr. ratio. Both the methods of monitoring were found to be operationally very feasible and reliable under field conditions, hence can be used together to monitor the dapsone intake by leprosy patients, in National Leprosy Control Programme.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

A comparison of screening tests for dapsone in urine.

The comparative merits and limitations of three qualitative tests for Dapsone screening in urine viz. the 'Spot-Test' using modified Ehrlich's reagent, 'Tile-Test' employing Bratton-Marshall reagents, and the 'Elisa-Test' were assessed with regard to their sensitivity and operational feasibility. Investigations were carried out on a total of 716 urine specimens of which 268 specimens were collected during surprise visits paid to the patients homes. The others were specimens collected from patients at different time intervals following the administration of 25, 50 and 100 mg of dapsone. The findings were evaluated against their corresponding ratios of the urinary concentrations of Dapsone and its diazotisable metabolites to creatinine. A good correlation was found between the three qualitative tests in general and also in relation to the DDS/C ratios. Operational feasibility under field conditions for spot and tile tests are discussed.

Creatinine↗
PubMed1983

Application of "tile reaction" test for screening dapsone in urine.

A modified tile reaction test for monitoring self administration of DDS by leprosy patients is described. 385 Urine samples collected at 24 hours after a single dose and at 24, 48 and 72 hours after daily doses of 25, 50, 100 mg were screened for the presence of DDS by this test and the corresponding DDS/C ratios were studied for comparison. Patients compliance was assessed on 268 urine specimens collected on surprise visits. The feasibility of application of this test in field situations is discussed.

Dapsone↗
PubMed1983

Hepatitis-B-surface antigen (HBsAg) in leprosy patients.

The detection of the presence of Hepatitis-B-Surface antigen (HBsAg) using Indirect Haemagglutination technique (IHA) was carried out in 134 Lepromatous Leprosy cases (LL), 22 Lepromatous Leprosy cases during ENL reaction (LL with ENL), 24 Borderline leprosy (BL) cases, 7 Borderline Tuberculoid cases (BT) and 31 control subjects. The maximum percentage positivity of 32% was seen in cases with LL as compared to 6.2% in controls. The difference was found to be statistically significant (P less than 0.01).

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Serological study for presence of C-reactive protein, rheumatoid factor, anti streptolysin O in leprosy cases.

Serological tests for the detection of C-reactive protein (CRP), Rheumatoid factor (RE) and Anti Streptolysin 'O' (ASLO) antibodies employing latex test were carried out in 120 cases of active lepromatous leprosy, 14 LL cases with ENL during active and subsided phases and 25 controls. Out of 120 LL cases 25.8% gave a positive reaction to CRP and ASLO. Only 4.2% of the cases with LL were positive for Rheumatoid factor. None of the controls showed positive reaction in these tests. During ENL, 100% of the sera showed positive test for CRP as against 35.7% during subsidence of reaction. Tests for RF were positive in 28.5% of the cases ENL as compared to none during subsided ENL. Raised ASLO titers were noticed in 38.2% cases with active ENL as against 21.4% during subsided phase of ENL.

Antistreptolysin↗
PubMed1982

Serum immunoglobulin profile and C3 level in lepromatous leprosy patients.

A study of the serum levels of IgA, IgG, IgM and C3 in well defined cases of lepromatous leprosy has been undertaken. The serum levels of IgA, IgG and IgM were significantly raised in the group of lepromatous leprosy patients (20) compared to healthy controls (20). The C3 level also tends to be increased in these patients. In the 15 cases of LL, studied before and after ENL reaction, the levels of all the immunoglobulins as well as C3 were found to be further increased during ENL and showed a fall during subsidence.

Complement C3↗
PubMed1982

Monitoring the regularity of self administration of dapsone by leprosy patients.

An operational study was undertaken (1) to monitor and assess the regularity of DDS intake by leprosy patients, (2) to find out the operational feasibility of methods used for monitoring dapsone intake, and (3) to study the factors influencing the regularity of drug intake. The self administration of Dapsone by 319 leprosy patients, attending 6 field clinics of our Mobile Treatment Unit was assessed by (1) Physical verification of Dapsone tablets and (2) screening their urine for DDS by spot test (in the field itself) and by estimating DDS/Cr. ratio in urine (in Biochemistry Lab.). As assessed by physical verification of Dapsone tablets, on an average one patient has missed 3.67 +/- 3.96 tablets in a fortnight, and only 62% patient took more than 75% of treatment. The spot test was found to be positive in 84.64% of the patients. Both the methods of monitoring the regularity of dapsone intake were found operationally very feasible and acceptable and had a good correlation with each other. The spot test was found very reliable as judged by DDS/Cr. ratio. Both the methods can be used on a mass scale in National Leprosy Control Programme for the purpose.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

E--rosettes in leprosy patients.

Early and total E--rosettes counts were made in the leprosy patients of different clinical types classified histologically and compared with those of healthy controls. The T-cell population in LL cases were found to be significantly lower than in other types of leprosy cases and controls. The study of the E--rosette formation at different times of incubation indicated that any point of observation could be used for comparison. However, early (1 hour--2 hour) counts help to distinguish the LL cases from other types of leprosy. A good correlation was noticed between the percentage of rosettes and lepromin test.

Adolescent↗