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Biomedical subjects

R Vaughan

Publications and source records attributed to R Vaughan.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Concentrations and total daily output of micronutrients in breast milk of mothers delivering preterm: a longitudinal study.

The number of preterm infants fed their own mother's milk appears to be increasing as a result of information suggesting certain benefits over milk from human milk banks or proprietary formulas. It is also apparent that the nutritional requirements of term and preterm infants differ. Thus, the finding of various deficiencies in small preterm infants indicates that studies which examine the nutrient content of milk from mothers who deliver prematurely are important to aid in suggesting appropriate supplementation. In order to provide appropriate recommendations, nutrient content must be assayed during the period of exclusive milk feedings. Accordingly, the concentrations and total daily output of breast milk zinc and copper, and vitamins A, C, and E, were examined in a group of 13 mothers delivering at or before 32 weeks gestation. Collections of a total 24-h output were obtained every 7 days for the first 7 weeks after delivery. Concentrations of all micronutrients were similar to those reported previously during the first 5 weeks of lactation. Most striking, however, was the progressive decline in total output as well as concentration of zinc. After the first 2 weeks of lactation, levels of copper and vitamins A, C, and E were not affected by the duration of lactation. There was substantial variation between mothers in daily output of all the micronutrients. The low output of these micronutrients suggests that some attempt should be made at monitoring the mineral and vitamin status of small preterm infants fed exclusively human milk for the first 3 months of life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1982

Unsuspected adnexal masses in renal transplant recipients.

Post-transplant sonograms in 74 female recipients less than 40 years old revealed unsuspected adnexal masses in 5 (7 per cent). Sonographically, these masses were difficult to distinguish from other post-transplant fluid collections, such as lymphoceles, urinomas or abscesses and, consequently, led to further diagnostic evaluations in 4 patients. Of the adnexal masses 4 were excised surgically: 2 were hemorrhagic ovarian cysts, 1 was a follicular ovarian cyst and 1 was a paraovarian cyst. A coexisting gynecologic mass should be included in the differential diagnosis of a perinephric mass in female transplant recipients. Pre-transplant sonograms to identify or exclude occult pelvic masses in women may be of benefit in simplifying the postoperative management and minimizing unnecessary diagnostic evaluation.

Adnexal Diseases↗
PubMed1982

Intrauterine supraventricular tachycardia: cardioversion with maternal digoxin.

Intrauterine supraventricular tachycardia is an uncommon cardiac arrhythmia that presents difficult problems in diagnosis and management, especially in the very preterm infant. Serial ultrasound examinations were used to follow the course of fetal ascites and the maternal administration of digoxin to induce cardioversion. Higher maternal doses of digoxin than administered to the nonpregnant patient may be necessary to achieve adequate digitalization of the fetus. As many infants with supraventricular tachycardia require continued medical management, they should be delivered in a facility with neonatal intensive care capabilities.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the oesophagus.

Seven hundred and seventy-two patients suffering from carcinoma of the oesophagus and upper stomach were seen by two surgeons at the Manchester Regional Cardiothoracic Centre over a 15-year period. Five hundred and thirty-one patients had an operation, and of these, 449 had a resection. Throughout the period under review, the policy was to resect the primary tumour whenever possible. No emphasis was placed on extensive preoperative parenteral feeding. Adequate rather than radical resection was the aim of the surgery, but even if a curative operation was not possible, the primary was removed if at all possible. Gastric drainage in the immediate postoperative period by nasogastric tube or pyloroplasty was never used. A new classification of high or low tumours according to the level seen at oesophagoscopy is suggested; in 30 cases designated as "high", a planned resection was carried out using a bilateral thoracotomy, a method not previously described. The overall operative mortality was 9.2%. Of those having a resection it was 7.6%, and there were only three deaths in the last 120 resections. The predicted actuarial survival in this series of resections was 18% at five years and 12% at 10 years.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1981

Compression of the tibial nerve by the tendinous arch of origin of the soleus muscle.

Details of 5 cases of surgically confirmed entrapment of the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa are presented. In 4 cases the nerve was compressed beneath the tendinous arch of the origin of the soleus muscle. In 1 of these cases, thrombosis of a tributary of the popliteal vein with oedema of structures in the popliteal fossa and secondary compression of the nerve was found. In the fifth case the popliteal vein was compressed by the soleus arch with secondary compression of the nerve. The clinical presentation in these cases was characterised by severe pain and tenderness in the popliteal fossa, aggravated by active and passive dorsiflexion of the foot, inability to weight bear, and numbness and pain in the sole of the foot and heel. In each case, surgical exploration and division of the soleus arch led to prompt relief of symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Spinal epidural infection.

Thirty cases of spinal epidural abscess are reviewed with particular emphasis on mode of presentation and results of treatment. In spite of repeated exhortations in the literature for earlier diagnosis, the results remain unsatisfactory because many patients have progressed to severe or complete paralysis before the correct diagnosis is made and surgical treatment carried out.

Abscess↗
PubMed1977

An unusual flexor of the fifth finger.

An unusual digastric flexor muscle of the 5th finger is described arising from the medial epicondyle of the right humerus and being inserted into the proximal phalanx of the 5th finger. Also observed was the absence of flexor digiti minimi and the unusual smallness of the tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis of this finger.

Fingers↗
PubMed1977

Intermittent hydrocephalus due to cysts of the septum pellucidum: a study of three cases.

Three male patients with posturally induced, intermittent hydrocephalus were found on pneumoencephalography to have cavum septi pellucidi and cavum vergae. The clinical presentation resembled that of colloid cyst of the third ventricle. Remission followed excision of the septal walls in 2 cases, but relapse of symptoms occurred when the caves reformed. It is postulated that intermittent obstruction to the lateral ventricular outflow by the cavum septum pellucidum and cavum vergae was the basis of the symptomatology. Transcaval shunting may prove to be the simplest reliable form of treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionyl chloride: reagent for photoaffinity labeling.

2-Diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionyl chloride has been synthesized from trifluorodiazoethane and phosgene. Its derivatives are acid stable, can be used to label enzymes, and undergo photolysis with substantially less rearrangement than do derivatives of other known diazoacyl reagents designed for photoaffinity labeling. In particular, the diazotrifluoropropionyl thioester of methyl N-acetylcysteine undergoes photolysis in methanol with about 40% insertion into the - OH bond of the solvent; by contrast, photolysis of other diazoacyl thioesters gives substantially quantitative Wolff rearrangement. The trifluoro compounds hold promise for the photoaffinity labeling of thiols.

Affinity Labels↗
PubMed1976

Studies on the effect of small bowel bypass for massive obesity on gastric secretory function.

Gastric secretory function was studied in 20 morbidly obese patients both before and after jejuno-ileal bypass. The mean postoperative weight loss was 99.2 pounds during a mean postoperative followup period of 12.6 months. The gastric secretory values we studied included basal and histalogstimulated volume, pH, concentration, and output. No statistically significant changes were observed in any of these variables. Therefore it is suggested that jejuno-ileal bypass, as performed for morbid obesity, is probably not an ulcerogenic procedure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis: an unusual complication of jejunoileal bypass.

A case of pneumatosis cytoides intestinalis associated with jejunoileal bypass is reported. The association of increased colonic gas, secondary to fermentation of undigested lactose in the colon, and the reflux of the excessive gas into the excluded segment of small bowel and dissection of the gas into the bowel wall and mesentery are postulated as the causes of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in patients with jejunoileal bypass.

Colon, Sigmoid↗
PubMed1975

Percutaneous radiofrequency gangliotomy in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia and other facial pain.

Thirty-eight patients with facial pain in the trigeminal distribution have been treated by percutaneous coagulation of the trigeminal ganglion. Although use has been made of radiological criteria, it has been found from the physiological data obtained from stimulation that motor and sensory phenomena provide more information of electrode placement and that good pain relief results when these criteria are met. The advantages of the method are: (i) minimal operative risk; (ii) control of the extent of the lesion created; (iii) small sensibility deficit; (iv) minimal complication rate; (v) short hospitalization; (vi) satisfactory result in more than 90% of patients; (vii) no recurrence of pain to date.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Analysis of a multicomponent smoking cessation project: what worked and why.

BACKGROUND: Health promotion interventions often contain several, conceptually diverse elements. As a result, it is often difficult to determine why interventions succeed or fail as well as which components should be retained or eliminated. One method to examine the effectiveness of individual intervention elements is process analysis. METHODS: Kick It! is a multicomponent smoking cessation intervention developed for lower socioeconomic African Americans. The intervention includes several components, including a 24-page printed cessation manual, a staged-cessation video, a quit contract, two "Quit and Win" contests, and a single telephone booster call. Using data from a randomized intervention trial designed to test the efficacy of the Kick It! intervention, this article examines the use, impact, and interaction of the intervention's subcomponents as well as possible mediating variables related to successful quitting among intervention participants (n = 650). RESULTS: In univariate as well as multivariate analyses adjusting for age and stage of change, two of the five elements, watching the video and entering a Quit and Win contest, were significantly associated with 6-month point prevalence abstinence. Submitting a quit contract and receiving the booster call were significantly associated with quitting in univariate analyses, while reading the Kick It! guide was not significantly associated with quitting in either analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the positive effects observed for individual elements, quitting was not significantly greater among intervention relative to comparison subjects. The primary reason for this appears to be the overall lack of intervention use. Additional research examining strategies to increase use of the Kick It! intervention components as well as the optimal sequencing and combination of components may be warranted.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The co-occurrence of smoking and binge drinking in adolescence.

The present work sought to determine adolescent rates of smoking and binge-drinking co-occurrence. Secondary analyses were conducted on the interview responses of more than 4,000 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 who took part in the 1995 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Results revealed that not only are adolescent smokers likely to be binge drinkers, but adolescent binge drinkers are also likely to be smokers. Conversely, those who abstain from involvement with one of these substances generally abstain from the other as well. The discussion highlighted race/ethnic and gender differences in co-occurrence rates as well as prevention and intervention implications.

Adolescent↗