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R Schiemann

Publications and source records attributed to R Schiemann.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

[Energy maintenance requirement and energy requirement for protein retention in growing rats and broilers. 3. Energy requirement for protein retention in rats].

In 4 experiments with 3 X 3 male Wistar rats each, which received rations with different protein content on 3 levels (10-40%), a total of 240 measurings of the total metabolism with the purpose of ascertaining the energy requirement for protein retention were carried out under the conditions of ad libitum feeding in the growth range between approximately 65 and 200 g live weight at a temperature of the environment of 30 degrees C. With 25% crude protein (caseine supplemented with methionine) in the feed mixture, with an energy content of the ration between 18 and 20 kJ/kg dry matter, the N-retention capacity of the animals was largely exhausted. When 150 g live weight were exceeded, the N-retention capacity of the animals decreased considerably. Energy retention in % of gross energy depended on the protein level of the feed rations; in all 4 experiments the rats achieved the highest energy retention with 10% crude protein in the feed. The level of energy utilisation decreased with the increasing protein content of the feed mixture. Requirement values of metabolisable energy per 1 J protein energy retention of 1.69; 1.93; 1.81 and 1.74 J were derived by means of multiple regression analysis for all 4 experiments, assuming the exponent 0.75 for the variable metabolic body size. The application of multiple regression analysis to the values of energy retention measuring in all 4 experiments results in the mean energy requirement of 1.67 J/J protein retention, which completely coincides with previous investigations. When the exponent 0.67 was assumed for the variable metabolic body size, the energy requirement data for the individual experiments resp. after the joint evaluation of all 4 experiments were 1.56; 1.75; 1.68 and 1.56; 1.53 J/J resp. The significant influence of the live weight, the consumption quota of digested nitrogen (protein level of feeding) and the protein retention quota on the value of protein requirement for protein retention was proved. This evidence is discussed with respect to further research for the factorial assessment of the bioenergetic of protein retention.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Energy maintenance requirement and energy requirement for protein retention in growing rats and broilers. 4. Energy requirement for protein retention in broilers].

The results of measurings of the total metabolism from experiments with 6 male broilers (origin: Tetra B) each, which mainly served the ascertainment of energy maintenance requirement (cf. 2) in the growth range between 100 and 2,000 g with alternating experiment phases on the maintenance and growth level, have also undergone interpretation for the further characterisation of the energy requirement for protein retention. Caused by the sequence of periods chosen, there were compensatory growth effects. Energy retention in % of gross energy varied between the experiments in the limits of 24 and 39%, and concerning energy retention per animal and day there were differences up to 100% between the experiments. The share of protein energy retention in energy retention on average amounted to 38% after a medium-high protein supply and 54% after a high protein supply. The utilisation of metabolisable energy for energy retention was significantly lower from rations of a high protein level (40% crude protein) than from those of a medium-high protein level (20% crude protein). Assuming an energy requirement for fat retention of 1.2 J metabolisable energy per J retention, a requirement of metabolisable energy for 1 J protein retention of 1.68; 1.66 and 1.86 was ascertained in the 3 experiments by means of regression analysis. An energy requirement for maintenance of 423 (30 degrees C), 511 (25 degrees C) and 432 kJ metabolisable energy/kg live weight 0 75 X d (30 degrees C) correlated with these requirement values. Energy requirement for protein retention increased significantly with N-intake and decreased significantly with the daily protein retention rate. There was no dependence on the live weight of the broilers.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Methodological guidelines for digestion experiments for feed evaluation].

The directions for digestion experiments with sheep, pigs and chickens agreed upon by the coordination team for research in the field of animal nutrition in the GDR (coordination of research in the research institutions in the special field of animal nutrition in the GDR) are presented.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1981

[Energy requirement of growing bulls].

The series of experiments concerning the utilisation of feed energy by growing bulls (482 total metabolism periods) as described in this periodical in four articles (Schiemann and others 1976; Jentsch and Schiemann 1976; Jentsch and others, 1976; Hoffmann and others, 1977), has undergone further statistical processing in order to test possibilities of factorial analysis for the derivation of values for the energy requirement of growing bulls. Square equations for the characterisation of the maintenance requirement of metabolisable energy and net-energy-fat in kJ/kg live weight 0.75 and day were derived for the live weight range between 50 and 335 kg (see equations (2) and (4)). Beyond this live weight range the maintenance requirement of growing bulls-- related to the metabolic body weight -- corresponds to that of fullgrown oxen (410--420 kJ metabolisable energy/kg live weight 0,75 and day). The analysis of the energy content for the live weight increase in dependence on the live weight resulted in the statistical generalisation characterised by equation (5) for live weights above 200 kg. Up to 200 kg live weight the energy content of the live weight gain is between 8 and 10 MJ/kg live weight gain. Above that, equations for the characterisation of the energy requirement of fattening bulls in ad libitum feeding were derived for the live weight ranges between 200 and 335 kg as well as 335 and 550 kg (cf. equations (2) and (3)). The significance of the factorial analysis of the energy metabolism of growing animals is discussed comparatively to previous assessments.

Aging↗
PubMed1980

[Influence of various physical forms of the feed on the energy metabolism of ruminants. 2. The influence of the mechanical treatment of the feed on rumen fermentation].

The influence of various physical forms of the feed on energy utilisation was comparatively investigated in a total of 170 experiments with the complete metabolism and 28 digestibility experiments with fullgrown sheep. The roughage feedstuffs dried green fodder of vetch/grass, lucerne and rye grass and straw were fed in 9 rations with different quotas of concentrates (0 to 60%) to 4 parallel animals. The roughage underwent the following 5 methods of mechanical treatment: 1) chopping; 2) chopping and pelleting; 3)grinding; 4) grinding and pelleting; 5) chopping and pelleting with concentrates. On the whole, no significant influence of the different methods of mechanical treatment on rumen on the basis of the characteristic data acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, acid total, pH-value and NH3-content during the course of the day (sampling 2.5 to 3, 4 to 4.5, 5.5 to 6, 7 to 7.5, 15.5 to 16 hours after feeding). On an average of the 9 rations the rumen fluid sampled 2.5 to 3 hours after feeding merely showed a growing tendency of the quota of acetic acid and a corresponding decrease of the quota of propionic acid according to the degree of fineness of the roughage.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1980

[Influence of various physical forms of the feed on the energy metabolism of ruminants. 3. Investigation of the energetic utilisation of rations with roughage treated with various mechanical methods].

In a total of 170 experiments with the complete metabolism of fullgrown sheep the energy utilisation of rations with roughage treated with different mechanical methods was investigated. The roughage feedstuffs dried green fodder of vetch/grass, lucerne and rye grass and straw were given to 4 parallel animals in 9 rations with differing quotas of concentrates (0 to 60%). The roughage underwent the following 5 methods of treatment: 1) chopping; 2) chopping and pelleting; 3) grinding; 4) grinding and pelleting; 5) grinding and pelleting with concentrates. The results show that the bases given in the GDR system of feedstuff evaluation concerning the energetic evaluation of feedstuffs are to be applied to mechanically treated roughage too. In order to avoid negative effects on the energy metabolism one has to take care that the use of mechanically treated roughage does not cause dysfunctions of the rumen.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1979

[Utilization of feed energy by growing pigs. 3. Energy requirement for the growth and fattening of pigs].

The test series for the investigation of the energy consumption of growing pigs of the breeds large white and improved land race pig as well as cross breeds of the two breeds in a total of 369 metabolism periods (as described in the first two pieces of information of this publication series -- Hoffmann and others, 1977 and Jentsch and Hoffmann, 1977) were statistically analysed for the purpose of the derivation of the energy requirement for maintenance and the partial energy requirement for growth in order to test the possibilities of the factorial analysis for the derivation of energy requirement values of growing pigs. The dependence of the maintenance requirement of growing pigs (investigations in the live weight range of 10 to 40 kg -- see 1st information--were made with boars those in the live weight range of 30 to 120 kg were made with gelded boars, 2nd information) on the live weight can best be characterised by applying a power exponent of 0,61 or 0,62 for the live weight. A definition is offered to be discussed for the energetic maintenance requirement of productive live stock and laboratory animals as a conventional value. The energy requirement values derived from the doubly-factorial statistical analysis show a satisfactory adaptation to the measured values as such concerning energy intake and observed growth performance of the test animals. The conclusion is drawn that the factorial analysis of the energy requirement (maintenance plus partial performances) results in a better estimate of the requirement of growing animals than the assessment according only to live weight and live weight increase without characterising the energy requirement for partial performances. This is important for the further working on and more exact definition of requirement norms.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1978

[Energy metabolism and energy requirements of growing boars].

The nitrogen and energy metabolism and the energy consumption of growing boars were measured in 2 metabolic and feeding trials using 8 parallel animals each. The studies covered the 30 to 150 kg live weight range. The growth intensity of the boars was found strongly influenced by the protein level of the ration. At a crude protein level of 18% in the ration, the boars gained, on the average, 780 g per day during the fattening period under study. Energy conversion was found to decline as the protein amount went up. The energy expediture for protein deposition was estimated at 1.8 to 2.0 kcal metabolizable energy per kg deposited. The energy and feed expenditures were calculated to be 7.1 Mcal net energy--fat retention for the whole development period or 3.0 kg dry matter per kg live weight. Boars proved to have an energy requirement differing from that of barrows and gilts; equations are presented for derivation.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Digestibility and utilization of rations containing differently treated straw. I. Digestibility by sheep of rations containing differently treated straw].

During 63 digestibility periods of adult sheep, the digestibility of wheat and oat straw sujected to different kinds of treatment was compared. The straw was fed in the following forms: chopped, chopped and treated with 6% sodium hydroxide, pelleted without and with NPN-addition (ammonium bicarbonate and/or urea) during pelleting. Notwithstanding pressing temperatures over 90 degrees C and light moistening of the straw during pellet production, the addition of the two NPN-components did not allow to increase digestibility and energetic feed value. Two replications averaged an increase in energetic feed value by 42% due to NaOH-treatment. Energy digestibility went up by 39 to 55%, and energy concentration increased from 322 to 457 energetic feed equivalents (cattle) per kg DM. In addition, a number of rumen-physiological indices were obtained.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1978

[Digestibility and utilization of rations containing differently treated straw. 2. Energetic utilization by sheep of rations containing differently treated straw].

A total of 59 complete metabolic periods of adult sheep were used to compare energy balance and energy utilization of rations containing 45, 60 and 99% of straw previously subjected to different treatments. In addition, some indices of rumen physiology were determined. The straw was fed in the following forms: chopped, chopped and treated with 6% sodium hydroxide, pelleted with and without NPN-addition (ammonium bicarbonate and/or urea) during the pelleting process. Notwithstanding pressing temperatures above 90 degrees C during compaction, the addition of NPN-compounds did not result in increased digestibility. The NaOH-treatment of the straw increased the energy digestibility of the ration containing 45% straw by 5 to 6 digestibility units. All experiments revealed a higher energy balance and, consequently, a higher energy utilization than could be expected from calculations on the basis of equations derived from earlier experiments with adult sheep. The variations are discussed under the aspect of energetic feed evaluation and with regard to consequence for the efficient use of straw in rations for ruminants.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1978

[Digestibility and utilization of rations containing differently treated straw. 3. Energetic utilization by fattening bulls of rations containing differently treated straw].

In 136 complete metabolic periods of fattening bulls (live weight range 250 to 440 kg) comparative studies were performed on rations containing 30 to 40% straw previously subjected to different treatments. In addition, several rumen-physiological and blood indices were determined. Chopped straw without and with NaOH (6%) treatment and straw pellets without and with NPN-addition (ammonium bicarbonate and/or urea) during the pelleting process were used. No significant differences were found between comparable rations as to energy digestibility. The rations containing 60% straw revealed a higher evergy balance and, consequently, a higher energy utilization than could be expected from calculations on the basis of equations derived from previous experiments with adult steers. The importance of straw as energy source for ruminant feeding is highlighted.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1977

[Energy requirements for the synthesis of body proteins during growth as determined in model experiments in rats. 2. Studies with dietary casein and wheat gluten used unsupplemented or supplemented with methionine or lysine].

Rats were used in 7 trials each comprising 9 animals (197 total metabolism trials carried out at an environmental temperature of 30 degree). The animals received casein, casein+methionine, wheat gluten, wheat gluten+lysine as protein sources and were investigated for their nitrogen and energy turnover. The rations fed contained between 10% and 27% protein. Supplementation of the natural proteins with synthetic amino acids positively influenced the growth rate and the rate of N retention. The feeding of wheat gluten as sole protein source induced an absolute depression of the food and energy intake. The rates of tetention of protein and fat energy per animal/day showed opposing trends, in dependence upon the protein levels in the rations. It was found in the trials with casein that the proteins yielded 25%, or 18% of the total energy retention if the rats received low protein rations while the percentage of protein energy retention increased to 49-53%, if the rations contained high protein levels. The rats utilized between 67% and 84% of the metabolizable energy for the turnover of body energy. A negative correlation was found between the levels of energy utilization and protein intake. The energy demends for protein retention were calculated (mean of all trials) to be 1.67 kcal of metabolizable energy while those for fat retention amounted to 1.15 kcal. The energy demands for protein retention were not found to be dependent on the type of protein source used. The maintenance requirements of the rats were 102 kcal of metabolizable energy per kg LM0,75.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1976

[The effect of addition of formic acid to the rations on the energy metabolism of sheep and young bulls].

Total metabolism trials were carried out with 8 fattening bulls and 4 male sheep receiving rations supplemented with formic acid. Comparative trials were performed with lucerne conservates. The following results were obtained: Formic acid supplements of up to 0.7 gm/kg liveweight per animal/day did not influence the ruminal fermentation and the digestibility of the food beyond ordinary dissimilation processes nor did they influence the energy turnover in the animals. Already in the rumen, the added HCOOH was largely broken down into CO2 and CH4. Higher levels of N retention were observed if the animals were fed fresh lucerne silage supplemented with formic acid as compared with dried green feed and the other types of silage.

Animal Feed↗