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Biomedical subjects

R Reid

Publications and source records attributed to R Reid.

At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Genital warts and cervical cancer. V. The tissue basis of colposcopic change.

Histologic differences between subclinical papillomaviral infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia are quantitative rather than qualitative. Both entities are characterized colposcopically by acetowhite epithelium and aberrant surface capillaries. This study correlates five new colposcopic signs (variations in contour, thickness, color, vascular patterns, and iodine staining) with 12 histologic signs of human papillomaviral infection and 12 features of premalignant change. Acetowhitening and capillary abnormalities in minor colposcopic lesions are attributable to human papillomaviral disturbance of cell growth and maturation, seen histologically as parabasal layer proliferation, papillomatosis, koilocytosis , and dyskeratosis. Alteration in cell ploidy is usually minimal. Major colposcopic abnormalities reflect extensive disorganization of cell phenotype and tissue architecture, increased DNA content, and aneuploid stem cell populations. Intermediate colposcopic patterns generally denote polyploid lesions in which tissue changes are a composite of two reciprocal events: the extent of benign warty expression and the severity of premalignant change.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Genital warts and cervical cancer. III. Subclinical papillomaviral infection and cervical neoplasia are linked by a spectrum of continuous morphologic and biologic change.

Human papillomaviral (HPV) infection is now widely advanced as an important etiologic factor in cervical cancer. This study was undertaken to clarify morphologic relationships within the biologic spectrum linking subclinical papillomaviral infection (SPI) to cervical intraepithelial (CIN). Two pathologists analyzed 72 colposcopic biopsies, using a semi-objective rating scheme that scored 24 different histologic criteria. Each individual criterion was checked for reproducibility, and validated against an objective measure of papillomaviral infection (immunoperoxidase staining) or premalignant change (microspectrophotometry). The individual criteria were then combined into histologic indices of benign warty change, presumed viral atypia, abnormal cell phenotype, and disturbed tissue maturation. Histologic expression of papillomaviral infection decreased with increasing degrees of premalignant change. Plotting the index of abnormal cell phenotype against that of disturbed tissue maturation produced a linear plot in which cases clustered into four diagnostic groups. The histologic indices of papillomaviral infection displayed significant curvilinear correlations with genotypic distortion, benign warty change being maximal in the CIN 1 range and presumed viral atypia in the CIN 2 range. Disturbance of nuclear DNA content also increased with worsening diagnosis; diploidy being most common in SPI (67%), polyploidy in CIN 1 (59%), and aneuploidy in CIN 2 (65%) and CIN 3 (82%). Conversely, capsid antigen production decreased from 36% in SPI to 9% in CIN 3. Three aneuploid epithelia were immunoperoxidase positive. These inverse relationships between late viral expression and nuclear distortion fit experimental models of viral oncogenesis. The gradual transition and morphologic overlap between diagnostic groups support the postulate that SPI and CIN are a single disease spectrum, in which differences are those of degree rather than of kind.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Identification of an acridine photoaffinity probe for trypanocidal action.

Twenty-four acridine derivatives were screened for trypanocidal activity in Trypanosoma brucei in order to determine which structural features of the acridine molecule confer maximal antiparasitic activity. The synthesis of several new azidoacridine derivatives are also reported as well as an assessment of their value as possible photoaffinity probes for the study of acridine trypanocidal action. The most effective and selective acridine trypanocides, with and without irradiation, were the 3-amino-10-methylacridinium salt derivatives. With brief irradiation, one azidoacridine, 3-amino-6-azido-10-methylacridinium chloride, showed considerable trypanocidal activity at very limiting drug concentrations (10(-7)M) and warrants consideration as a possible photoaffinity probe.

Acridines↗
PubMed1983

Assay procedures for the determination of biogenic amines and their metabolites in rat hypothalamus using ion-pairing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

Procedures are described for the simultaneous determination, by high-performance liquid chromatography of adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine using laurylsulphate as pairing ion and for the separate simultaneous determination of vanillylmandelic acid, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid using tetraethylammonium as pairing ion. Sample preparation consists of protein precipitation only and octadecylsilane coated silica is used for both sets of determinations as is electrochemical detection. The chromatographic basis of each separation is discussed in the light of modern ideas of ion exchange and desolvation to enable the method to be modified chromatographically if other compounds are to be resolved or the assay method modified. The quantitative aspects of the methods are detailed and applied to amine and metabolite levels in rat hypothalamus. The values determined together with their sample variation and estimated limits of detection are quoted.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Injuries among the Hopi Indians. A population-based survey.

Injuries are the leading cause of death among American Indians. An epidemiologic study was conducted on the Hopi reservation to assess the incidence, circumstances, and outcome of injuries. The incidence of hospitalized or fatal injuries during 1979-1980 was 12 per 1,000 persons per year, with the highest incidence in the age group of those older than 84 years. Overall, falls, motor vehicle crashes, self-inflicted injuries, and assaults were the leading causes of injuries. Suicides and crashes were the leading causes of death. The 15- to 29-year age group, which constituted only a quarter of the population, accounted for 46% of all injuries. This age group had especially high rates of self-inflicted injuries, crashes, and assaults. Injury problems of special importance to the Hopis included single-vehicle rollover crashes, falls from pickup trucks, falls from mesas and pueblo roofs, and suicide attempts in jails.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1983

Genital warts and cervical cancer. II. Is human papillomavirus infection the trigger to cervical carcinogenesis?

Evidence of a biologically significant association between subclinical papillomavirus infection (SPI) and cervical neoplasia raises the question of whether this is a causal relationship. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of metaplastic epithelium in the cervical transformation zone is relatively common, producing latent infection in susceptible persons. The epidemiological characteristics of SPI and cervical cancer are essentially identical and there is a strong clinico-pathological association between condylomas and anogenital carcinoma. Tissue culture cells have been transformed from a normal to a neoplastic phenotype by animal papillomaviruses, and there is preliminary data reporting upon the successful identification of HPV genomic sequences in tumor cells. SPI commonly coexists with foci of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Areas of apparent transition are seen, and these two lesions are linked by a discernible spectrum of morphologic change. Such circumstantial evidence gives biological plausibility to the suggestion that HPV may be a cervical carcinogen. It is postulated that cervical neoplasia arises by progression from benign viral hyperplasia, through varying stages of koilocytotic atypia with associated dysplasia, to unremarkable carcinoma in situ. Invasion is presumed to reflect the emergence of an aggressive heteroploid clone, an age-related decline in host immune surveillance or an interaction of both factors.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Similar blood pressure but different outcome in rats with DOC and post-DOC hypertension.

It is uncertain whether increased arterial pressure alone or increased arterial pressure combined with some other factor is responsible for the development of malignant-phase hypertension. Our object was to test this comparing two groups of rats with hypertension of different mechanism but of similar duration and degree. Two experiments were done in hypertensive rats. In the first blood pressure was measured in the tail, in the second by intra-arterial catheter and pressure transducer. In the first, hypertension was produced in 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats by unilateral nephrectomy followed by thrice-weekly injections of deoxycorticosterone (12.5 mg) and substitution of 1% NaCl and 0.2% KCl for their drinking water. After four weeks 28 rats survived and systolic blood pressure had risen to 220 mmHg. The survivors were paired by blood pressure and randomly allocated either to continued DOC and salt or to a regime in which DOC was stopped and tap-water was substituted for the NaCl-KCl solution (post-DOC rats). Blood pressure remained similar in the two groups thereafter, but in every case it was the DOC-salt animal of the pair which died first. Fibrinoid arteriolar lesions of malignant-phase hypertension were significantly commoner in DOC-salt animals and, before death, they had more pronounced features of microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia. The second experiment was the same in design as the first except that two weeks after randomization the similarity of blood pressure was confirmed by measurement of intra-arterial pressure in eight pairs of DOC-salt and post-DOC rats. We conclude that increased arterial pressure is not the only factor influencing development of malignant-phase hypertension.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Heterogeneity of protein phosphorylation in metastatic variants of B16 melanoma.

The polypeptide and phosphoprotein profiles of a spectrum of B16 melanoma clones of defined metastatic potential have been analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. To accommodate the documented instability of metastatic properties in B16 clones, in vitro biochemical assays were always accompanied by in vivo assays of the metastatic behavior using replicate samples of the same clonal populations harvested on the same day. To exclude differences in polypeptide and phosphoprotein profiles resulting from inherent variation in electrophoretic measurements made at different times, polypeptides and phosphoproteins were analyzed in unison for every clone, and a series of clones was examined in parallel in each experiment. Also, samples were electrophoresed simultaneously using a custom-designed apparatus capable of accommodating 20 two-dimensional samples. When tested under these stringent conditions, the polypeptide profiles of B16 clones were indistinguishable. Significant qualitative and quantitative differences in phosphoprotein expression were detected in each clone, but no correlations were found between alterations in protein phosphorylation and metastatic potential. Over 200 discrete phosphoproteins were detected in each clone, but interclonal variation was confined to approximately 10 to 15 phosphoproteins. Expression of three phosphoproteins with the following molecular weights (in kilodaltons) and isoelectric points was strictly qualitative: pp96 (7.9); pp30 (8.2); and pp30 (8.8). In any given clone, they were present individually at equal intensities or were completely absent, but their expression was not coordinate. The data indicate that expression of polypeptide gene products is similar in B16 melanoma clones with widely differing metastatic abilities, but considerable clonal variability exists in posttranslational covalent modification of cell proteins. The possible contribution of protein phosphorylation and other posttranslational pathways in generating the extensive phenotypic heterogeneity observed in tumor cell subpopulations within the same tumor and in the rapid generation of new clonal variants with altered metastatic properties are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Carbon dioxide laser surgery.

Lower genital tract intraepithelial neoplasia was the predominant indication for CO2 laser surgery in 203 patients treated at Wayne State University. One hundred nineteen patients had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) III and, in the 99 patients who were adequately followed, the failure rate following the first treatment was 9%. Secondary treatment with laser surgery, cryosurgery or, in one instance, hysterectomy, was effective in treating all persistent CIN. Success in treating vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia with laser surgery was most favorable in patients who had not had prior pelvic irradiation. Small (less than 1.5 cm) vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia III was successfully treated in seven patients. Recalcitrant condyloma acuminata responded well to laser surgery in 31 patients.

Condylomata Acuminata↗
PubMed1982

Genital warts and cervical cancer. I. Evidence of an association between subclinical papillomavirus infection and cervical malignancy.

A blind comparative survey was undertaken to study the prevalence of subclinical papillomavirus infection (SPI) in a representative sample of women treated surgically for invasive or preinvasive cervical neoplasia. According to a semiobjective rating system, 73 of 80 women (91%) with cervical neoplasia and ten of 80 matched controls (12.5%) showed histologic evidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Sixty of the controls (75%), but none of the study group, had normal cervicovaginal epithelium. A highly significant statistical relationship exists between subclinical papillomavirus infection of the lower genital tract and the occurrence of cervical neoplasia (F = 378; P less than 0.001; X2 = 109, P less than 0.001). The prevalence of SPI was seven times greater in the study group than in comparable controls of equivalent disease status. Because both are covariables of promiscuity, statistical association exist between cervical neoplasia and all sexually transmitted diseases. However, the strength, specificity and consistency of this relationship suggest that SPI may be a precursor or cervical malignancy. This contention is given biologic plausibility by a broad fabric of supporting epidemiology, virologic and clinicopathologic evidence.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Pilot study: effective health and personal development. An experiment in school education.

This paper describes an experimental school-based health education and personal development programme conducted jointly by the Health Commission and Department of Education in northern Sydney, New South Wales. We evaluated the programme after it had been taught for five school terms, by adopting a control/experimental group design based on multiple choice questionnaires. We recorded large and significant gains in the health status of the secondary students from the experimental schools compared with the control students. Notable successes were in the areas of cigarette smoking (reductions as high as 13%), alcohol consumption (reductions of up to 12%) and exercise (increase of 17.5%). The long-term effectiveness of such programmes may depend on support from the medical profession.

Adolescent↗