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Biomedical subjects

R R Wing

Publications and source records attributed to R R Wing.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Family-based behavioral weight control in obese young children.

The effects of a family-based, behavioral weight control program on weight, linear growth, and nutrient intake among 17 obese children aged 1 to 6 were studied. The 1-year behavioral treatment involved three components: diet, exercise, and child management. Treatment meetings were held weekly for 10 weeks and then monthly for the remainder of the year. Relative body weight decreased significantly from 42.1% at baseline to 24.0% overweight at 1 year and 27.8% overweight at 2 years, while height increased normally over the 2 years of observation, suggesting that the children were obtaining adequate calories to maintain growth. The caloric and nutrient intakes of the children were analyzed from 3-day food records kept by the mothers during baseline and the tenth week of treatment. The mean caloric intake was 1,457 kcal prior to treatment and 1,025 kcal during treatment. Nutrient intake exceeded the Recommended Dietary Allowances at pretreatment for the nutrients investigated and continued to exceed the RDAs for all nutrients except calcium (96% of RDA) and iron (84% of RDA) during treatment. Improvements in nutrient density were shown for all nutrients. The results suggest that obesity can be treated successfully in young children without detrimental effects on growth or nutrient intake.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1985

Binge eating and dietary restraint in obese patients.

The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and severity of binge eating among 432 women seeking behavioral treatment for obesity and to assess the relationship between binge eating and dietary restraint. Subjects completed standardized self-report questionnaires which assessed the severity of binge eating and habitual dietary restraint. Binge eating was extremely prevalent, with 46% of subjects reporting serious problems. Serious binge eating was more common in younger and heavier subjects. Further, binge eating severity was significantly related to overall dietary restraint. The current findings indicate that the treatments of binge eating may need to be considered in planning behavioral programs for the obese.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Changes in nutrient intake of hypertensives during a behavioral weight-control program.

To evaluate the nutritional adequacy of the diets selected by hypertensive patients participating in a behavioral weight-control program, 26 patients were asked to complete 3-day food records at the start and end of the 8-week program. These records were analyzed using the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Handbook 456 data base. Patients decreased their overall caloric intake by 39% during the course of the program and decreased consumption of all nutrients, but only calcium intake decreased to unacceptable levels. There was, however, a significant increase in the number of individuals consuming less than two thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for thiamin, niacin, calcium, and iron, and a significant increase in the number of patients who were deficient in three or more nutrients. Thus, although average intake in the behavioral weight-control program was adequate, there was a sizeable number of individuals who were consuming poor diets. Inadequate intake occurred primarily in patients eating less than 1000 calories a day. The simple behavior change of adding a cup of skim milk to the unstructured calorie-counting diet would help restore calcium, thiamin, and niacin to adequate levels.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1985

Methodological issues related to age of onset of obesity.

Research related to age of onset of obesity may be hampered by two methodological problems: (a) inconsistencies across studies in the criteria used to define early-onset and maturity-onset obesity and (b) the failure to control for other differences between early-onset and maturity-onset obese patients. Analyzing data from 178 applicants to a behavioral weight control program, this study found that almost twice as many patients were classified as early-onset obese when the division was based on their answer to the question, "Were you overweight as a child or teenager?" than when the division was based on self-reported weight at age 21. Moreover, early-onset obese patients were younger and heavier than those with maturity-onset obesity. Further studies are needed to determine the most reliable and valid means of classifying patients as early- or maturity-onset obese.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Effect of diet and controlled exercise on weight loss in obese children.

The effects of adding exercise to diet for weight control in obese children were evaluated by randomizing obese girls to one of two groups: diet and diet plus exercise. During the first 6 weeks of the treatment, children exercised in a supervised three times a week exercise program, in which they walked or ran 3 miles. Significant decreases from baseline weight and in percent overweight were observed for both groups during the year of treatment. Significant decreases in percent overweight were observed at 0 to 2 months and then at 2 to 6 months for the children who were exercising, whereas percent overweight in children in the diet-alone group decreased only from 0 to 2 months. In addition, a significant improvement in fitness was observed only for children in the diet plus exercise group.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1985

Childhood obesity.

Several conclusions can be drawn on the basis of the research reviewed: Obese children are more likely to become obese adults than are their thinner peers. Parent weight may interact with child weight status in the etiology of adult obesity. Obese children with obese parents are more likely to become obese adults than are obese children with thin parents. The prediction of adult obesity from childhood obesity improves with the age of the child. As the obese child gets older, he or she is more likely to become an obese adult. The inclusion of parents in the treatment process is important for the success of childhood weight control. It may be best to see the parent and child separately in treatment meetings rather than together. Children with thin parents may do better in weight control than children of obese parents. Adherence to exercise is likely to be a problem with obese children, and the choice or design of an exercise program should take these adherence problems into account. Nutritional adequacy of the child's diet should be evaluated both in terms of what the child is eating as well as in terms of the prescribed diet. Likewise, growth of the obese child during dieting should be monitored and should be related to expected height, which can be based on parent height. In summary, childhood obesity is a problem that places a child at great risk for becoming an obese adult. However, a growing body of research has emerged that has identified important risk factors for the development of obesity in children. Likewise, treatment methods have been developed that produce significant and long-lasting effects on childhood weight status. Continued development of treatment methods would be of great potential importance in the prevention and treatment of this prevalent problem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The measurement of sodium and potassium intake.

Single- vs multiple-day food records were compared for estimates of intake for sodium, potassium, and calories; and the correspondence was assessed between sodium and potassium intake and 24-h urinary excretion. Fifty-five middle-aged adults, participating in a prerandomization assessment for a nutritional/behavioral intervention program on blood pressure completed a six-day food record and a 24-h urine collection. The group average for sodium, potassium, and calories obtained from one-day food records proved to be as good an estimate of the six-day average as did values from multiple day records. Similarly the one-day food record proved a good estimate of the mean 24-h urinary values for sodium and potassium. If properly collected and analyzed, a one-day food record is a good estimate of a population's intake of sodium and potassium while multiple days of recording are necessary to characterize individual intake.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1984

Mood changes in behavioral weight loss programs.

Ten studies investigating the relationship between mood change and weight loss in behavioral weight loss programs were reviewed. Significant positive changes in mood were observed in 6 of the 10 studies. There was no evidence to indicate that untoward reactions to dieting were frequent, that patients with juvenile-onset obesity experienced more negative mood changes than those with adult-onset obesity, or that dropping out of treatment was a response to increasing depression. The positive changes in mood were related to active participation in a treatment program, and occurred in behavioral and nonbehavioral treatment programs. Differences between the studies reviewed and the earlier research on mood and weight loss are discussed and suggestions made for subsequent studies of mood changes during weight reduction.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1984

Dietary approaches to the reduction of blood pressure: the independence of weight and sodium/potassium interventions.

This study was designed to determine the feasibility of teaching mildly hypertensive individuals to select a diet, using normally available food products, that either would produce a 5% reduction in percentage of overweight (without altering sodium (Na), potassium (K), or Na:K ratio) or would decrease Na to less than 70 mEq and increase K to greater than 100 mEq (without affecting weight) and to compare the resulting changes in blood pressure. Fifty-two participants with mild hypertension were randomly assigned to either a weight-loss or a Na:K intervention. Blood pressure, weight, 3-day diaries, and 24-h urinary excretion of Na and K were measured before and after an 8-week intervention. Participants in the weight-loss intervention had significantly greater changes in weight and calorie intake than those in the Na:K intervention, while changes in Na:K ratio were greatest in the intervention targeted for that change. The percentage of participants who were able to meet the dietary goals is presented and the implications of these data for the selection of dietary goals are discussed.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1983

Effects of weight loss on fitness in obese children.

The relationship between weight and fitness change was established in 113 obese preadolescents participating in a six-month behavioral weight control program. Results showed significant improvements for both weight and fitness. Program success was strongly related to changes in exercise heart rate. Children who were most successful in the program decreased their maximal and recovery heart rates by 10.1 and 17.8 beats per minute, children with medium success had decreases of 4.9 and 11.8 beats per minute, and least successful children had decreases of 3.9 and 6.4 beats per minute. Analyses revealed that the combination of effective weight loss and an initially moderate degree of overweight (40% to 50%) combined to produce the greatest fitness changes. Children who entered treatment more than moderately overweight achieved comparable fitness improvements only if their weight loss was dramatic.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1983

Parent--child obesity and cardiovascular risk factors.

Blood pressure, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were studied in obese children and obese parents selected to participate in a weight treatment program. The relationships between parent and child risk levels, as well as the relationship between child and parent weight and risk factors, were established. Results showed that children's cholesterol and triglycerides were related to parental lipid levels, independent of weight. Children's blood pressure readings were strongly related to their weight, but not to parental blood pressure. High density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were negatively related to weight in both child and parent female populations, and weakly positively related to weight for male children. Implications of these risk factor patterns for intervention are discussed.

Blood Pressure↗