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Biomedical subjects

R Nemoto

Publications and source records attributed to R Nemoto.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

[Selection of treatment from a pathophysiological point of view. II: Studies on male urogenital tumors].

Testicular cancer is divided pathologically into two categories; seminoma and non-seminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT). Seminoma is a radio-sensitive tumor, so that radiation has been mainly used for stages I and II. Stage III seminoma is treated in the same way as NSGCT. Several years ago stages I and II NSGCT were treated primarily by retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. These days, chemotherapy, such as PVB, or VAB-6 therapy, is adopted as the first choice of treatment, followed by surgical intervention to elucidate the remaining bulky mass if present. Stage III NSGCT is also managed by chemotherapy. By these procedures 70-90% CR of patients with NSGCT is obtained. Prostatic cancer has been treated mainly according to its stages. As for stage A cancer palliative therapy has been shown to yield good results. However, in the case of poorly-differentiated tumors, local irradiation with anti-androgenic treatment should be employed. Stage B cancer should be treated by radical surgery. Local lymph node dissection is usually indicated. In addition local irradiation and anti-androgenic therapy should be considered. Most stage C or D patients do well for a while with antiandrogenic therapy. Within two or three years, however, drug resistance ensues, recessitating a change in the therapeutic modality. Treatments of choice include in chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and others. Treatment of penile cancer involves chemotherapy with bleomycin and irradiation, which result in considerable improvement.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed1986

[Subrenal capsule assay for testing the effectiveness of anticancer drugs].

This study compared the histological changes induced by human bladder tumor xenografts following their implantation in the subrenal capsular space of immunocompetent mice (CDF1, 6-10 weeks age). Ten human bladder tumors were studied by light microscopic and electron microscopic methods. All materials were obtained from cold-cup biopsy using endoscopic procedure. Single fragments (1 mm X 1 mm X 1 mm) were implanted on Day 0 under the renal capsule of each mouse. Animals were serially sacrificed from day 2 to day 6 and in some cases as late as day 10. All kidneys were sectioned up to 3 levels at the xenograft and stained with appropriate histological reagents. The results of this study were; 1) infiltration of the tumor with mononuclear cells and neutrophils began on day 4, 2) pretreatment with 200 mg/kg cyclophosphamide before implantation reduced cell infiltration into the xenograft, 3) complete rejection of the tumor on day 8, 4) electron microscopic study showed minimum changes of intracellular organs on day 2, 5) but microscopic architecture was preserved in the tumor explants removed on day 4. This morphological study suggested that histological evaluation on day 4 might be a suitable method of subrenal capsule assay using immunocompetent mice. We therefore tested genitourinary carcinomas to determine their sensitivities to commonly use chemotherapeutic agents using histological criteria. Groups of tumor-bearing mice were treated daily for 3 days. Sensitivities for assays were assessed on day 4 by comparison of histological score. Of the 15 cases evaluated, 20% demonstrated significant oncolytic activity. These data also suggested that a clinically relevant chemosensitivity assay might enhance the selection of appropriate therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Incidental carcinoma of the prostate: histopathology and natural history.

We reviewed 60 cases of incidental carcinoma of the prostate treated conservatively. Subclassification of incidental carcinoma was based on histologic grade and tumor size. Stage A1 was defined as a low grade (grade I) and focal lesion, and stage A2 as a high grade (grade II, III) or diffuse lesion. The distinction between focal and diffuse was set at three chips in a transurethrally resected specimen or a diameter of 5 mm for a total lesion in an enucleated specimen. Patients with stage A1 tumors did significantly better (p less than 0.05) than those with A2, the 5-year survival rates being 88% and 70%, respectively. It is believed that patients with stage A2 should be treated aggressively. However, conservative therapy is recommended for the patients with stage A1 prostate cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Incidental carcinoma of the prostate in Japan: histological characteristics and tumor size.

The incidence of incidental carcinoma of the prostate in Japan is reported, and a retrospective study of 60 incidental carcinoma of the prostate is presented on the basis of tumor size and histological features. As the tumor progressed in size, there was a corresponding increase in its malignant potential. The survival rate according to tumor size and histological grade showed a significant difference between A1 (less than 10 mm diameter and low grade) and A2 (greater than or equal to 10 mm diameter or moderate to high-grade tumor).

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1985

[Present state of the multidisciplinary treatment of renal, bladder and prostatic tumors].

Surgery has been considered to be a main treatment of urogenital cancer. However, surgery alone could not completely cure these patients. The prognosis was poor. Multi-disciplinary treatment has been adopted to improve these results. However, there are many problems to be solved, such as combination of these regimens. In addition, the criteria for evaluation of the therapy should be considered. Nevertheless, multi-disciplinary treatment has been one of the most potent procedures for these malignancies.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1985

[Staging pelvic lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the prostate].

Prospective pathological staging by pelvic lymphadenectomy in 12 patients with clinically localized carcinoma of the prostate disclosed a high incidence (58%) of clinically silent and unsuspected lymph node metastases. The incidence of positive nodes was 0% in patients with clinical stage A disease, 33% in stage B, 100% in stage C disease. Serum acid phosphatase was not a useful staging marker. Excellent correlation existed between histological grade and pathological stage. Gleason's sum was predictive of nodal metastases.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

[Is renal arteriography necessary for the diagnosis of local staging in renal cell carcinoma?].

The accuracy of computed tomography and arteriography for the diagnosis of local staging of renal cell carcinoma was examined in 39 patients. Their accuracy in predicting perinephric, retroperitoneal lymph node, renal vein and inferior vena caval involvement by the tumor was investigated. The results were correlated with pathologic diagnoses from specimens of nephrectomy and lymphadenectomy in 39 cases. Staging was the same as the findings of computed tomography in 82 per cent of the lesions (27 of 34) and with arteriography in 74 per cent (29 of 39). Compared to arteriography, computed tomography was more accurate in the diagnosis of regional lymph node metastases. Based upon this experience, preoperative arteriography is not routinely recommended for the diagnosis of local staging of renal cell carcinoma.

Carcinoma, Renal Cell↗
PubMed1984

Magnetic microcapsules for targeted delivery of anticancer drugs.

To achieve targeted distribution of anticancer drugs with sustained activity, ferromagnetic ethylcellulose microcapsules containing an anticancer drug, mitomycin C (FM-MMC-mc), were prepared by a method based on phase separation principles. Two prototypes of FM-MMC-mc were made: one with the drug as the core and zinc ferrite on its capsular surface (outer type); the other with both the drug and zinc ferrite as the core (inner type). Both preparations provided a sustained-release property and a sensitive response to conventional magnetic force, although certain differences in the release rate of drug, magnetic responsiveness, and particle size were found between the two dosage forms. Animal studies showed that the magnetic microcapsules could be magnetically controlled in the artery and urinary bladder. VX2 tumors in the rabbit hind limb and urinary bladder were successfully treated with magnetic control of FM-MMC-mc. Pharmacokinetic study revealed that the targeting of the microcapsules markedly enhanced the drug absorption into the surrounding tissues for a prolonged period of time. The results indicate the feasibility and effectiveness of the magnetic microcapsules as a targeted drug delivery system.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Photodynamic inactivation of bladder cancer cells (MGH-U1) sensitized with acridine orange and irradiated by argon laser.

Photodynamic inactivation of bladder cancer cells (MGH-U1) was investigated in order to apply laser therapy to the treatment of bladder cancer. After stained with acridine orange (AO), the material cells were irradiated with argon laser. After 24 hr incubation the survival was counted with a hemocytometer. The number of stained cells showed a less than 5% decrease and the number of irradiated (for 15 min) unstained cells showed no decrease compared with untreated cells. Participation of singlet oxygen process in inactivation of MGH-U1 cells was confirmed by the use of D2O and NaN3. The result shows that argon laser at the low intensity and with short irradiation time has a sufficient cytocydal effect, suggesting the usefulness of photodynamic inactivation of argon laser with topical use of acridine orange in the treatment of bladder cancer.

Acridine Orange↗
PubMed1984

Survival of patients with superficial bladder cancer after treatment: a 10-year retrospective follow-up study.

The clinical aspects of 64 patients with superficial bladder cancer (Ta, T1, T2 according to the TNM classification, International Union against Cancer or Stage O, A, B1 according to Marshall) admitted to the Tsukuba University Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. Treatment of these patients was mainly by transurethral surgery. The overall 10-year survival rate was 73%. Eight patients died and four of them showed an invasive change, the so-called metamorphosis, during the follow-up period. Patients with papillary, pedunculated tumors had better survival rates than those with papillary, sessile tumors. Patients with tumors less than 1 cm in size had better survival rates than those with tumors 1-3 cm in size. There were no statistical differences in survival rates between patients with single and multiple tumors. Up to seven years from surgery, the patients with T2 tumors had lower survival rates than those with Ta-T1 tumors. The patients with grade I tumors had better survival rates than those with grade II tumors. There were no significant differences in recurrence rates related to the grade of the tumor. It is thought that the prognosis of superficial bladder cancer in our series depended mainly on the shape, size, number, depth and grade of the tumor.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Long-term intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy with adriamycin for advanced bladder cancer.

Long-term intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy with Adriamycin (ADM) was performed in cases of bladder cancer prior to total cystectomy. This report describes the effects in 13 cases evaluated more than 3 weeks after infusion of 10 mg ADM once or twice weekly. An oblique skin incision approximately 10 cm long was made in the gluteal region to expose the gluteus maximus muscle. A teflon catheter was then inserted into the gluteal artery and fixed; the distal end was brought out from under the skin in the precordial region. A similar procedure was performed on the contralateral side. The catheter was inserted through the superior and inferior gluteal arteries in five and eight cases, respectively. In the former group, partial response was obtained in two cases, minimal response in two and no response in one, so that primary tumor remission was evident in 40% of the cases. In the latter group, all cases but one attained partial response, i.e., remission was seen in 87.5% of cases treated by inferior gluteal infusion. Skin erosion of the gluteal, perineal, and anal regions and sciatica-like pain were observed in some cases; however neither myocardial effect nor bone marrow suppression, which have been reported as side-effects of ADM, were observed in any of the cases. These results suggest that this therapeutic modality could be effective in the preoperative work-up of candidates for total cystectomy, and also that it could be useful in the treatment of patients in whom total cystectomy is contraindicated.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Intravesical chemotherapy of urinary bladder tumor in rabbit by ferromagnetic mitomycin C.

Considering the necessity of selective toxicity in cancer chemotherapy, an advantageous means of controlling the anticancer agent in the urinary bladder was facilitated by microencapsulation of the drug and ferrite particles. Pharmacokinetic analysis of intravesical instillation chemotherapy in rabbits proved that magnetic control of ferromagnetic microencapsulated mitomycin C (MMC) remarkably enhanced MMC absorption into the urinary bladder wall. Moreover, malignant bladder tumors in rabbits were successfully treated with this method.

Absorption↗