Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to R M Sly.
Determination of the number of particles greater than 0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 10 microM in the air before, during, and after cleaning of carpeting disclosed larger numbers of airborne particles during cleaning with portable vacuum cleaners than with central vacuum cleaners, and more airborne particles during cleaning of shag carpeting than shorter pile carpeting.
beta-Adrenergic drugs are effective as bronchodilators and as inhibitors of exercise-induced asthma. Inhalation is the route of choice, but technique determines adequacy of delivery of the drug to the lower airways. The duration of bronchodilation can differ from the duration of inhibition of exercise-induced asthma. Albuterol aerosol usually prevents exercise-induced asthma for 4 to 6 hr, but metaproterenol aerosol affords protection to most asthmatics for less than 2 hr. Albuterol aerosol is the drug of choice for prevention of exercise-induced asthma. When a beta-adrenergic drug alone does not afford adequate protection, addition of theophylline, cromolyn, or an inhaled corticosteroid may enhance protection.
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Release of chemical mediators from sensitized mast cells is of established importance in allergic asthma and can account for most of the pathology and recognized changes in physiology. There is still uncertainty regarding specific modes of action of most of the drugs effective in the treatment of asthma. Changes in respiratory mucosal permeability induced directly or indirectly by viruses may initiate atopic sensitization in genetically predisposed subjects. Increased bronchial irritability accounts for much of the bronchoconstriction in both allergic and nonallergic asthma. Leukotrienes cause the bronchoconstriction in patients with aspirin sensitivity, but the factors that differentiate these patients from subjects who tolerate aspirin remain unknown. Asthmatics are characterized by a substantial increase in the number of alpha-adrenergic receptors and a more modest decrease in the number of beta-adrenergic receptors as well as increased sensitivity to cholinergic stimulation. Both mediator release and bronchial irritability may be important causes of exercise induced asthma.
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Spirometry before and after a treadmill exercise two hours after oral administration of 2.5-5.0 mg of terbutaline or placebo disclosed that terbutaline produced a highly significant protective effect against exercise-induced asthma. In 14 asthmatic youngsters decreases in FEV1, PEFR or FEF25-75 of at least 15% followed exercise after placebo.
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Screening tympanometry disclosed abnormalities in as many as 66% of unselected kindergarten children, including 29% with type B tympanograms. Abnormalities were more frequent in February than September and more frequent in boys than girls. Abnormalities often subsided spontaneously within six weeks. Tympanometric abnormalities were not found more frequently in a small group of children with allergic respiratory disease.
Comparison between peak flow rates obtained using a Standard Wright Peak Flow Meter and a Mini-Wright Peak Flow Meter showed a highly significant correlation. Comparison of six Mini-Wright Peak Flow Meters disclosed highy significant correlation despite occasional irregularities in results from two instruments.
The accuracy of 15 spirometers was evaluated with a commercially available calibrator. Nine spirometers were found to be within limits recommended by the manufacturer of the calibrator for forced vital capacity; eight were within recommended limits for FEV1. The calibrator is a convenient instrument for rapid evaluation of the accuracy of spirometers.