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Biomedical subjects

R Gudding

Publications and source records attributed to R Gudding.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Bacterial vaccines for fish--an update of the current situation worldwide.

During the last few years, the use of vaccines for disease prevention in aquaculture has expanded both with regard to the number of fish species and number of microbial diseases. According to the responses to a questionnaire received from 41 countries, vaccination is used in the commercial aquaculture of species like Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), sea bream (Sparus aurata), barramundi (Lates calcarifer), tilapia (Tilapia spp), turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.), yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata), purplish and gold-striped amberjack (Seriola dumereli), striped jack (Pseudocaranx dentex) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). The range of bacterial infections for which vaccines are commercially available now comprises classical vibriosis (Listonella anguillarum, Vibrio ordalii), furunculosis (Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida), cold-water vibriosis (Vibrio salmonicida), yersiniosis (Yersinia ruckeri), pasteurellosis (Photobacterium damselae supsp. piscicida), edwardsiellosis (Edwardsiella ictaluri), winter ulcer (Moritella viscosa), and streptococcosis/lactococcosis (Streptococcus iniae, Lactococcus garviae). Furthermore, experimental vaccines are used against diseases such as infection with Vibrio harveyi and Photobacterium damsela subsp. damsela in barramundi, piscirickettsiosis and bacterial kidney disease in salmonids, as well as infection with Flexibacter maritimus (now: Tenacibaculum maritimum) in turbot. There was good agreement between the information received from different sources in the same country. Most vaccines are licensed products, but some non-licensed vaccines are also used in commercial fish farms. Most bacterial vaccines are inactivated products and recombinant vaccine technology has so far been used to a very limited extent. Salmonid fish are usually immunised with multivalent vaccines by intraperitoneal injection. In marine fish species vaccination is generally performed by immersion, but use of injection vaccination is increasing, particularly in the Mediterranean region. Only limited use of orally administered fish vaccines is reported. In general, the effect of vaccination against bacterial infections is good. The best protection is obtained with injectable, adjuvanted vaccines. However, injection-site adverse reactions often occur when such products are used.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Recent developments in fish vaccinology.

During the last 10 to 20 years vaccination has become established as an important method for prevention of infectious diseases in farmed fish, mainly salmonid species. So far, most commercial vaccines have been inactivated vaccines administered by injection or immersion. Bacterial infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria such as Vibrio sp., Aeromonas sp., and Yersinia sp. have been effectively controlled by vaccination. With furunculosis, the success is attributed to the use of injectable vaccines containing adjuvants. Vaccines against virus infections, including infectious pancreatic necrosis, have also been used in commercial fish farming. Vaccines against several other bacterial and viral infections have been studied and found to be technically feasible. Pasteurellosis, streptococcosis (lactococcosis) and infections with iridoviruses are candidate diseases for control by immunoprophylaxis in the near future. The overall positive effect of vaccination in farmed fish is reduced mortality. However, for the future of the fish farming industry it is also important that vaccination contributes to a sustainable biological production with negligible consumption of antibiotics. A potential side-effect associated with injectable vaccines is local reactions in the peritoneal cavity. The paper presents recent developments in immunoprophylaxis of fish and some problems that should be addressed by the research community in the years to come.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Immunoprophylaxis of bovine dermatophytosis.

The literature on immunoprophylaxis as control method for ringworm in cattle is reviewed. Scientific papers on immune response to dermatophyte antigens and vaccination against ringworm were obtained from personal files and computerized search in 4 relevant databases. Vaccines with antigens of Trichophyton verrucosum stimulate a humoral and cellular immune response. In animals vaccinated with inactivated vaccines, some protection is observed after challenge. However, the protective immunity is inadequate in most cases. Vaccination with live vaccines elicits an immune response that prevents the development of clinical disease. The protective immunity is based mainly on the cellular branch of the immune system. The efficacy and safety of live dermatophyte vaccines have been demonstrated in both challenge experiments and field trials from different countries. Effective control of ringworm in cattle has been achieved in regions implementing systematic vaccination.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

A field trial with an experimental vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in cattle. 1. Clinical parameters.

A total of 108 heifers were included in a placebo-controlled multicenter study on the use of an experimental Staphylococcus aureus mastitis vaccine containing whole, inactivated bacteria with pseudocapsule, alpha and beta toxoids, and a mineral oil as adjuvant. The heifers were injected in the area of the supramammary lymph nodes twice before calving and were observed and sampled throughout the first lactation. None of the vaccinated cows suffered from clinical Staph. aureus mastitis, and only 8.6% suffered from subclinical Staph. aureus mastitis, but a total of 16.0% of the control cows suffered from clinical or subclinical Staph. aureus mastitis. Mean SCC in vaccinated and control cows were the same throughout the lactation. Local swellings at the injection site were palpable in a substantial proportion of the vaccinated cows. In the statistical analyses, when cow was used as the unit of concern, no significant differences occurred between groups. However, when all parameters on udder health were considered together, the results indicated a potential protective effect of this vaccine during the entire lactation.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

A field trial with an experimental vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in cattle. 2. Antibody response.

A Staphylococcus aureus vaccine containing whole, inactivated bacteria with pseudocapsule and alpha and beta toxoids with a mineral oil as adjuvant, was used in a field trial. Heifers were injected in the area of the supramammary lymph nodes with vaccine or placebo twice before calving and observed and sampled throughout their first lactation. Antibody response toward the pseudocapsule and the alpha toxin was significant in serum from the vaccinated cows. These antibody concentrations were significantly higher in serum and milk during the entire lactation compared with that of the controls. The antibody response to the beta toxin was moderate in serum from vaccinated cows; no differences in antibody concentrations in milk were significant between groups. The antibody response to the pseudocapsule consisted of the IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes, but, in milk, only the concentration of IgG1 was significantly increased in the vaccinated cows during the lactation compared with the control cows.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Seroepidemiological studies of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in sheep in Norway.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in sheep was established. The assay was used in a seroepidemiological survey in which serum samples from 327 Norwegian rams were screened for antibodies to B. burgdorferi. These rams were randomly chosen, clinically healthy animals from all parts of Norway. They came both from areas where Ixodes ricinus is common and from areas where the tick has not been found. The age of the animals varied from 0.5 to 7.5 years. Sera from 10% of the animals tested were seropositive by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, with the percentage of positive animals varying from 0 to 20% between counties. The distribution of seropositive animals was generally in good agreement with the known distribution of I. ricinus, with the highest proportion of seropositive animals being in southern coastal areas of Norway. There were some exceptions, however, because seropositive animals were also found in areas where the tick has not been recorded. The majority of animals appeared to become infected during the first 2 years of life, with 12% of animals that were 1.5 years old being seropositive. The animals were all healthy at the time of serum sampling, and the clinical significance of B. burgdorferi in sheep is still uncertain.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Economic analysis of vaccination applied to ovine listeriosis.

An economic model for determining whether vaccination against a disease would be beneficial financially on individual farms is proposed; it is based on four pieces of information: the costs of a disease case including its treatment, the cost of vaccinating each animal including veterinary fees, the expected incidence of the disease, and the efficacy of the vaccine. The model was applied to ovine listeriosis, which is a serious disease problem in Norway. Vaccination appeared to be beneficial for the average sheep flock of 100 ewes which might expect two or more cases of listeriosis per year. Furthermore, the model suggests the ratio of the price of a single vaccination to the cost of a disease case can be used to plan more efficient vaccine field trials.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Immunisation against ringworm in cattle.

Immunisation against dermatomycoses in cattle was introduced in Gausdal, Norway, in 1979. A programme was implemented in which a six-year period of mandatory vaccination of all cattle was followed by vaccination on a voluntary basis. The prevalence of infected herds fell from 70 per cent in 1979 to 0 per cent in 1987. During the last five years, no newly infected herds have been registered in Gausdal. Proper disinfection of premises, the isolation of infected animals and other hygienic measures contributed to the successful result.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Immune response after immunization with an experimental Toxoplasma gondii ISCOM vaccine.

Mice were immunized with ISCOM preparations of tachyzoites from two different strains of Toxoplasma gondii. The antibody response and the cellular response, as measured in vitro, were comparable with those found in chronically infected mice. When challenged with virulent T. gondii tachyzoites, all the immunized mice died, whereas all the chronically infected mice survived. However, the immunized mice generally survived longer than non-immunized animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Clinical chemical constituents in relation to liver amyloidosis in serum-producing horses.

Serum activities of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and concentrations of total bilirubin and total bile acids were screened during a 5 year period in 27 horses used for production of hyperimmune serum. The horses investigated were regularly immunized with live cultures of the endotoxin-releasing bacteria Escherichia coli or Pasteurella multocida, the individual animals having undergone such treatment for periods varying from 2 weeks to 10 years. In a majority of the horses, GGT-activity had increased within 6 to 7 years of first having undergone immunization. Constantly high values seemed to co-incide with the presence of advanced liver amyloidosis, as demonstrated by histopathological examination after slaughter. The AP activity was also increased but only moderately compared with GGT. Individual values more than 10-fold greater than the upper reference limit were recorded for GGT, while the highest AP values were less than double the upper reference limit. Activity of AST and bilirubin concentrations remained unaffected, whereas the concentration of total bile acids rose after 6 to 7 years of immunization compared to the baseline value. It is concluded that the determination of serum activities of GGT may serve as a practical routine test for the evaluation of liver amyloidosis status in serum horses.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1991

Characterization of Vibrio anguillarum and closely related species isolated from farmed fish in Norway.

A total of 264 bacterial strains tentatively or definitely classified as Vibrio anguillarum were examined. The strains were isolated from diseased or healthy Norwegian fish after routine autopsy. With the exception of five isolates from wild saithe (Pollachius virens), the strains originated from nine different species of farmed fish. The bacteria were subjected to morphological, physiological, and biochemical studies, numerical taxonomical analyses, serotyping by slide agglutination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, DNA-plasmid profiling, and in vitro antimicrobial drug susceptibility testing. The results of the microbiological studies were correlated to anamnestic information. The bacterial strains were identified as V. anguillarum serovar O1 (n = 132), serovar O2 (n = 89), serovar O4 (n = 2), serovar O8 (n = 1), and not typeable (n = 1) as well as Vibrio splendidus biovar I (n = 36) and biovar II (n = 1), Vibrio tubiashii (n = 1), and Vibrio fischerii (n = 1). V. anguillarum serovar O1 or O2 was isolated in 176 out of 179 cases of clinical vibriosis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). V. anguillarum serovar O1 was the only serovar isolated from salmonid fish species other than Atlantic salmon, while V. anguillarum serovar O2 was isolated from all marine fish suffering from vibriosis. A 48-Mda plasmid was isolated from all V. anguillarum serovar O1 isolates examined. Serovar O2 isolates did not harbor any plasmids. Resistance against commonly used antibiotic compounds was not demonstrated among V. anguillarum isolates. Neither V. splendidus biovar I nor other V. anguillarum-related species appeared to be of clinical importance among salmonid fish.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1990

A method for monitoring antibodies against staphylococcal DNases.

When small amounts of DNase produced by Staphylococcus aureus, S. intermedius or S. hyicus were added to Toluidine Blue DNA Agar (TDA), a medium for demonstration of staphylococcal antiDNases was produced. By applying this medium in microtitre plates, a test system for titration of staphylococcal antibodies in serum samples was developed. A colour change from blue to pink could be observed when the DNase was allowed to act, i.e. when no staphylococcal antiDNases were present in the samples. When serum with neutralizing antibodies were applied, no colour change developed. An end-point could easily be demonstrated in dilutions of the serum. A description of the method, including certain of its limitations is given.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Immunisation against infections caused by Listeria monocytogenes in sheep.

Immunisation against listeriosis in sheep using a live, attenuated vaccine was introduced in Norway in 1984. Since then 65,000 to 80,000 animals have been vaccinated annually. Information obtained by a questionnaire showed that the incidence of listeriosis decreased from approximately 4.0 per cent before the introduction of the vaccine to 1.5 per cent after vaccination started. The incidence of abortions was 0.7 per cent in vaccinated flocks compared to 1.1 per cent in unvaccinated flocks. There were a few adverse reactions in the vaccinated sheep.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Vaccination of cattle against ringworm caused by Trichophyton verrucosum.

A live-trichophyton vaccine against ringworm in cattle which was based on an attenuated strain of Trichophyton verrucosum was tested in controlled challenge-exposure experiments and in field trials. On the basis of data involving approximately 400,000 vaccinated animals over a 5-year period, it was concluded that trichophytosis in cattle can be controlled by immunoprophylaxis. Side effects associated with the vaccination occur infrequently.

Animals↗