Insects and other arthropods as related to human health in Minnesota.
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Arthropods↗
Biomedical subjects
R D Price
Publications and source records attributed to R D Price.
Studies of potential avian, arthropod and mammalian hosts of mosquito-borne arboviruses in the Minnesota area.
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Animals↗
Learning theory and knowledge structures in computer-aided instruction.
The development of computer-aided instructional (CAI) systems suffers from a lack of a cohesive theory of learning--how do students acquire and store knowledge? From studies of computer systems that learn and tutor, we can infer generic activities that appear to be integral parts of the learning process, such as aggregation, clustering, characterization, and storage for later retrieval. Learning is faster and more efficient if the goal of a task is made explicit. Hints should be given with the correct timing in relation to an objective so that students can advance in their own problem-solving strategies with the prerequisites in mind. The general form of a rule should usually be taught first, followed by exceptions and special instances. We review theories of learning associated with CAI that illustrate the classification of different types of knowledge. Rule-based (if-then) knowledge forms are represented in these theories, as are declarative and causal knowledge structures. Extracting the common themes from different classifications of knowledge may help us create better CAI.
Artificial Intelligence↗
Application of teaching and learning principles to computer-aided instruction.
Many authors of software providing computer-aided instruction (CAI) have no background in educational theories. This paper reviews teaching theories and ways in which instructional principles can be applied to CAI. While the lecture form of teaching has often been maligned, there are techniques for enhancing lectures that can also apply to CAI. Effective communication methods, both verbal and audiovisual, are as important in computer modules as they are in face-to-face teaching. The quality of interactive questioning and the nature and timing of feedback are critical to the success of instruction by computer. Appropriate feedback can improve retention, as can the use of proper distractors in multiple-choice questions. We present steps for developing a CAI learning module based on established principles of teaching and learning, as well as proper identification of educational goals.
Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
Pharmacy teaching for family practice residents.
Because undergraduate training in pharmacology is insufficient preparation for prescribing drugs appropriately, comprehensive systematic education in clinical pharmacy is essential for family practice residents. A pharmacy curriculum could contribute to improved treatment of disease, decreased health care costs, decreased iatrogenicity and morbidity, lower risk of litigation, and better communication among physicians, pharmacists, and patients. The pharmacy curriculum which has been developed at the family practice residency program in Little Rock, Ark. focuses on problem-solving activities in the clinical setting, primarily utilizing problems from the residents' patient caseloads. A long-term plan of the department is to follow residents into practice in order to examine utilization of what they learned from the pharmacy curriculum.
Curriculum↗